This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
References
Anonymous (1967) International Action to Avert the Impending Protein Crisis. U.N. Publication Sales No E. 68 XIII 2.
Burlew JS (ed.) (1953) Algal Cultures from Laboratory to Pilot Plant. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication 600, Washington D.C. 357 pp.
Goldman JC (1980) Physiological aspects in algal mass cultures. In Shelef G, Soeder CJ (eds), Algae Biomass. Elsevier/North-Holland Biomedical Press, pp. 343-360.
Hu Q (1995) A quantitative assessment of factors limiting growth and productivity in continuous outdoor cultures of microalgae. Ph.D. dissertation, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 119 pp.
Hu Q, Guterman H, Richmond A (1996a) A flat inclined modular photobioreactor for outdoor mass cultivation of photoautotrophs. Biotechnol. Bioengng 51: 51-60.
Hu Q, Guterman H, Richmond A (1996b) Physiological characteristics of Spirulina platensis (cyanobacteria) cultured at ultrahigh cell densities. J. Phycol. 32: 1066-1073.
Hu Q, Kurano N, Kawachi M, Iwasaki I, Miyachi S (1998a) Ultrahigh-cell-density culture of a marine green alga Chlorococcum littorale in a flat-plate photobioreactor. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 49: 655-662.
Hu Q, Zarmi Y, Richmond A (1998b) Combined effects of light intensity, light-path and culture density on output rate of Spirulina platensis (cyanobacteria). Eur. J. Phycol. 33: 165-171.
Imada N, Kobayashi K, Isomura K, Saito H, Kimura S, Tahara K, Oshima Y (1992) Isolation and idfentification of an autoinhibitor produced by Skeletonema costatum. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi 58: 1687-1692.
Javanmardian M, Palsson BO (1991) High-density photoautotrophic algal cultures: design, construction, and operation of a novel photobioreactor system. Biotechnol. Bioengng 38: 1182-1189.
Kirk JTO (ed.) (1983) Light and Photosynthesis in Aquatic Ecosystems. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 401 pp.
Myers J (1953) Growth characteristics of algae in relation to the problem of mass culture. In Burlew JS (ed.), Algal Cultures from Laboratory to Pilot Plant, Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication 600, Washington D.C., 357 pp.
Pirt SJ (1983) Maximum photosynthetic efficiency: a problem to be resolved. Biotechnol. Bioengng 24: 1915-1922.
Pirt SJ, Lee YK, Richmond A, Pirt MW (1980) The photosynthetic efficiency of Chlorella biomass growth with reference to solar energy utilization. J. Chem. Tech. Biotechnol. 30: 25-34.
Pulz O (1992) Cultivation techniques for microalgae in open and closed system. Proceeding 1st European Workshop on Microalgal Biotechnology, Bergholz-Rehbrücke, Germany, pp. 61-66.
Pulz O, Broneske J (1995) Layer thickness in photoreactor design. Proceedings 2nd European Workshop on Microalgal Biotechnology, Bergholz-Rehbrücke, Germany, p. 38.
Pulz O, Scheibenbogen (1998) Photobioreactors: design and performance with respect to light energy input. Advances in Biochemical Engineering/Biotechnology 59: 124-152.
Raven JA (1988) Limits to growth. In Borowitzka MA, Borowitzka LJ (eds), Micro-algal Biotechnology. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, pp. 331-356.
Tredici MR (1999) Bioreactors, photo. In Flickinger MC, Drew SW (eds), Encyclopedia of Bioprocess Technology: Fermentation, Biocatalysis and Bioseparation. John Wiley & Sons, pp. 395-419.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Richmond, A. Microalgal biotechnology at the turn of the millennium: A personal view. Journal of Applied Phycology 12, 441–451 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008123131307
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008123131307