Abstract
Over the past several decades, clay minerals have been applied in various bio-fields such as drug and drug additives, animal medicine and feed additives, cosmetics, biosensors, etc. Among various research areas, however, the medical application of clay minerals is an emerging field not only in academia but also in industry. In particular, cationic and anionic clays have long been considered as drug delivery vehicles for developing advanced drug delivery systems (DDSs), which is the most important of the various research fields including new drugs and medicines, in vitro and in vivo diagnostics, implants, biocompatible materials, etc., in nanomedicine. These applications are obviously related to global issues such as improvements in welfare and quality of life with life expectancy increasing. Many scientists, therefore, in various disciplines, such as clay mineralogy, material chemistry, molecular biology, pharmacology, and medical science, have been endeavoring to find solutions to such global issues. One of the strategic approaches is probably to explore new drugs possessing intrinsic therapeutic effects or to develop advanced materials with theranostic functions. With this is mind, discussions of examples of cationic and anionic clays with bio- and medical applications based on nanomedicine are relevant. In this tutorial review, nanomedicine based on clay minerals are described in terms of synthetic strategies of clay nanohybrids, in vitro and in vivo toxicity, biocompatibility, oral and injectable medications, diagnostics, theranosis, etc.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Alkilani, A.Z., McCrudden, M.T., & Donnelly, R.F. (2015). Transdermal drug delivery: innovative pharmaceutical developments based on disruption of the barrier properties of the stratum corneum. Pharmaceutics, 7, 438–470.
Baek, M., Lee, J.A., & Choi, S.J. (2012). Toxicological effects of a cationic clay, montmorillonite in vitro and in vivo. Molecular & Cellular Toxicology, 8, 95–101.
Bergaya, F. and Lagaly, G. (2006). General introduction: clays, clay minerals and clay science. In: Handbook of Clay Science (F. Bergaya, B.K.G. Theng, & G. Lagaly, eds.), pp. 1–18. Developments in Clay Science, 1, Elsevier, Amsterdam.
Biswick, T., Park, D.H., Shul, Y.G., & Choy, J.H. (2009). P-coumaric acid–zinc basic salt nanohybrid for controlled release and sustained antioxidant activity. Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids, 71, 647–649.
Bull, R.M.R., Marklan, C., Williams, G.R., & O’Hare, D. (2011). Hydroxy double salts as versatile storage and delivery matrices. Journal of Materials Chemistry, 21, 1822–1828.
Bushong, S.C. and Clarke, G. (2014). Magnetic resonance imaging: physical and biological principles. Elsevier Health Sciences, Amsterdam, pp. 2–16.
Cheng, Y., Zhao, L., Li, Y., and Xu, T. (2011). Design of biocompatible dendrimers for cancer diagnosis and therapy: current status and future perspectives. Chemical Society Reviews, 40, 2673–2703.
Choi, G., Eom, S., Vinu, A., & Choy, J.H. (2018). 2D nanostructured metal hydroxides with gene delivery and theranostic functions; a comprehensive review. The Chemical Record, 18, 1–22.
Choi, G., Jeon, I.R., Piao, H., & Choy, J.H. (2017). Highly condensed boron cage cluster anions in 2D carrier and its enhanced antitumor efficiency for boron neutron capture therapy. Advanced Functional Materials, 1704470.
Choi, G., Kim, S.Y., Oh, J.M., & Choy, J.H. (2012). Drug-ceramic 2-dimensional nanoassemblies for drug delivery system in physiological condition. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 95, 2758–2765.
Choi, G., Kwon, O., Oh, Y., Yun, C.O., & Choy, J.H. (2014). Inorganic nanovehicle targets tumor in an orthotopic breast cancer model. Scientific Reports, 4, 4430.
Choi, G., Lee, J.H., Oh, Y.J., Choy, Y.B., Park, M.C., Chang, H.C., & Choy, J.H. (2010). Inorganic-polymer nanohybrid carrier for delivery of a poorly-soluble drug, ursodeoxycholic acid. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 402, 117–122.
Choi, S.J., Oh, J.M., & Choy, J.H. (2008). Safety aspect of inorganic layered Nanoparticles: size-dependency in vitro and in vivo. Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 8, 529–5301.
Choi, S.J., Oh, J.M., Chung, H.E., Hong, S.H., Kim, I.H., & Choy, J.H. (2013). In vivo anticancer activity of methotrexate-loaded layered double hydroxide nanoparticles. Current Pharmaceutical Design, 19, 7196–7202.
Choi, S.J., Oh, J.M., Park, T., & Choy, J.H. (2007). Cellular toxicity of inorganic hydroxide nanoparticles. Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 7, 4017–4020.
Choi, G., Piao, H., Alothman, Z.A., Vinu, A., Yun, C.O., & Choy, J.H. (2016). Anionic clay as the drug delivery vehicle: tumor targeting function of layered double hydroxide-methotrexate nanohybrid in C33A orthotopic cervical cancer model. International Journal of Nanomedicine, 11, 337–3487.
Choy, J.H. (2004). Intercalative route to heterostructured nanohybrid. Journal of Physics and Chemistry Solids, 65, 373–383.
Choy, J.H., Kwak, S.Y., Jeong, Y.J., & Park, J.S. (2000). Inorganic layered double hydroxide as a non-viral vector. Angewante Chemie International Edition, 39, 4042–4045.
Choy, J.H., Kwak, S.Y., Park, J.S., Jeong, Y.J., & Portier, J. (1999). Intercalative nanohybrids of nucleoside monophosphates and DNA in layered metal hydroxide. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 121, 1399–1400.
Demir, F., Demir, B., Yalcinkaya, E.E, Cevik, S., Demirkol, D.O., Anik, U., & Timur, S. (2014). Amino acid intercalated montmorillonite: electrochemical biosensing applications. RSC Advances, 4, 50107–50113.
Ding, L., Hu, Y., Luo, Y., Zhu, J., Wu, Y., Cao, X., Peng, C., Shi, X., & Guo, R. (2016). Laponite®-stabilized iron oxide nanoparticles for in vivo MR imaging of tumors. Biomaterials Science, 4, 474–482.
Dufort, S., Sancey, L., Wenk, C., Josserand, V., & Coll, J.L. (2010). Optical small animal imaging in the drug discovery process. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Biomembranes, 1798, 2266–2273.
Estelrich, J., Sánchez-Martín, M.J., & Busquets, M.A. (2015). Nanoparticles in magnetic resonance imaging: from simple to dual contrast agents. International Journal of Nanomedicine, 10, 1727–1742.
Gaharwar, A.K., Mihaila, S.M., Swami, A.S., Patel, A., Sant, S., Reis, R.L., Marques, A.P., Gomes, M.E., & Khademhosseini, A. (2013). Bioactive silicate nanoplatelets for osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells. Advanced Materials, 25, 3329–3336.
Gambhir, S.S. (2002). Molecular imaging of cancer with positron emission tomography. Nature Reviews Cancer, 2, 683–693.
Ghadiri, M., Chrzanowski, W., & Rohanizadeh, R. (2014). Antibiotic eluting clay mineral (Laponite®). for wound healing application: an in vitro study. Journal of Materials and Science, 25, 2513–2526.
Ghadiri, M., Hau, H., Chrzanowski, W., Agus, H., & Rohanizadeh, R. (2013). Laponite clay as a carrier for in situ delivery of tetracycline. RSC Advances, 3, 20193–20201.
Green, B. (2004). Focus on aripiprazole. Current Medical Research Opinion, 20, 207–213.
Hamilton, A.R., Hutcheon, G.A., Roberts, M., & Gaskell, E.E., (2014). Formulation and antibacterial profiles of clay-ciprofloxacin composites. Applied Clay Science, 87, 129–135.
Han, H.K., Lee, Y.C., Lee, M.Y., Patil, A.J., & Shin, H.J. (2011). Magnesium and calcium organophyllosilicates: synthesis and in vitro cytotoxicity study. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 3, 2564–2572.
Harrison, T.S. and Perry, C.M. (2004). Aripiprazole: a review of its use in schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. Drugs, 64, 1715–1736.
Iliescu, R.I., Andronescu, E., Ghitulica, C.D., Voicu, G., Ficai, A., & Hoteteu, M. (2014). Montmorillonite-alginate nanocomposite as a drug delivery system-incorporation and in vitro release of irinotecan. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 463, 184–192.
James L., Groen, S.D., & Coveney, P.V. (2015). Mechanism of exfoliation and prediction of materials properties of clay-polymer nanocomposites from multiscale modeling. Nano Letters, 15, 8108–8113.
Joshi, N., Rawatm K., Solanki, P.F., & Bohida, H.B. (2015). Biocompatible laponite ionogels based non-enzymatic oxalic acid sensor. Sensing and Bio-sensing Research, 5, 105–111.
Jung, H., Kim, H.M., Choy, Y.B., Hwang, S.J., & Choy, J.H. (2008). Laponite-based nanohybrid for enhanced solubility and controlled release of itraconazole. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 349, 283–290.
Kaassis A.Y.A., Xu, S.M., Guan, S., Evans, D.G., Wei, M., & Williams, G.R. (2016). Hydroxy double salts loaded with bioactive ions: Synthesis, intercalation mechanisms, and functional performance. Journal of Solid State Chemistry, 238, 129–138.
Kawase, M., Hayashi, Y., Kinoshita, F., Yamato, E., Miyazaki, J., Yamakawa, J., Ishida, T., Tamura, M., & Yagi, K. (2004). Protective effect of montmorillonite on plasmid DNA in oral gene delivery into small intestine. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 27, 2049–2051.
Kevadiya, B.D., Thumbar, R.P., Rajput, M.M., Rajkumar, S., Brambhatt, H., Joshi, G.V., Dangi, G.P., Mody, H.M., Gadhia, P.K., & Bajaj, H.C. (2012). Montmorillonite/poly-(ε-caprolactone). composites as versatile layered material: reservoirs for anticancer drug and controlled release property. European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 47, 265–272.
Khalil, M.M., Tremoleda, J.L., Bayomy, T.B., & Gsell, W. (2011). Molecular SPECT imaging: an overview. International Journal of Molecular Imaging, 2011, 1–15.
Kim, M.H., Hur, W., Choi, G., Min, H.S., Choy, Y.B., & Choy, J.H. (2016). Theranostic bioabsorbable bone fixation plate with drug-layered double hydroxide nanohybrids. Advance Healthcare Materials, 5, 2765–2775.
Kim, T.H., Lee, J.A., Choi, S.J., & Oh, J.M. (2014). Polymer coated CaAl-layered double hydroxide nanomaterials for potential calcium supplement. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 15, 22563–22579.
Kim, T.H., Lee, J.Y., Kim, M.K., Park, J.H., & Oh, J.M. (2016). Radioisotope Co-57 incorporated layered double hydroxide nanoparticles as a cancer imaging agent. RSC Advances, 6, 48415–48419.
Kim, J.Y., Yang, J.H., Lee, J.H., Choi, G., Park, D.H., Jo, M.R., Choi, S.J., & Choy, J.H. (2015). 2D inorganic-antimalarial drug-polymer hybrid with pH responsive solubility. Chemistry - An Asian Journal, 10, 2264–2271.
Lee, J.H., Choi, G., Oh, Y.J., Park, J.W., Choy, Y.B., Park, M.C., Yoon, Y.J., Lee, H.J., Chang, H.C., & Choy, J.H. (2012). A nanohybrid system for taste masking of sildenafil. International Journal of Nanomedicine, 7, 1635–1649.
Lee, J.E., Gwak, G.H., Cho, H.M., Kim, C.Ch., Lee, M.E., & Oh, J.M. (2016). Controlled drug release in silicone adhesive utilizing particulate additives. Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering, 34, 1600–1603.
Long, M., Zhang, Y., Huang, P., Chang, S., Hu, Y., Yang, Q., Mao, L., & Yang, H. (2018). Emerging nanoclay composite for effective hemostasis. Advanced Functional Materials, 28, 1704452–1704461.
Lvov, Y.M., Devilliers, M.M., & Fakhrullin, R.F. (2016). The application of halloysite tubule nanoclay in drug delivery. Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 13, 977–986.
Ma, R., Liu, Z., Li, L., Lyi, N., & Sasaki, T. (2006). Exfoliating layered double hydroxides in formamide: a method to obtain positively charged nanosheets. Journal of Materials Chemistry, 16, 3809–3813.
Maisanaba, S., Pichardo, S., Puerto, M., Gutiérrez-Praena, D., Cameán, A.M., & Jos, A. (2015). Toxicological evaluation of clay minerals and derived nanocomposites: a review. Environmental Research, 138, 233–254.
Margarita, D., López-Blanco, M., Aranda, P., Leroux, F., & Ruiz-Hitzky, E. (2005). Bio-nanocomposites based on layered double hydroxides. Chemistry of Materials, 17, 1969–1977.
Marwah, H., Garg, T., Goyal, A.K., & Rath, G. (2016). Permeation enhancer strategies in transdermal drug delivery. Drug Delivery, 23, 564–578.
Massaro, M., Colletti, C.G., Noto, R., Riela, S., Poma, P., Guernelli, S., Parisi, F., Milioto, S., & Lazzara, G. (2015). Pharmaceutical properties of supramolecular assembly of co-loaded cardanol/triazole-halloysite systems. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 478, 476–485.
McRobbie, D.W., Moore, E.A., & Graves, M.J. (2017). MRI from Picture to Proton. Cambridge University Press, pp. 1–7.
Mosmann, T. (1983). Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival: application to proliferation and cytotoxicity assays. Journal of Immunological Methods, 65, 55–63.
Mustafa, R., Hu, Y., Yang, J., Chen, J., Wang, H., Zhang, G., & Shi, X. (2016). Synthesis of diatrizoic acid-modified LAPONITE® nanodisks for CT imaging applications. RSC Advances, 6, 57490–57496.
Nair, B.P., Sindhu, M., & Nair, P.D. (2016). Polycaprolactone-laponite composite scaffold releasing strontium ranelate for bone tissue engineering applications. Colloids and Surfaces B, 143, 423–430.
Oh, J.M., Biswick, T.T., & Choy, J.H. (2009). Layered nanomaterials for green materials. Journal of Materials Chemistry, 19, 2553.
Oh, Y.J., Choi, G., Choy, Y.B., Park, J.W., Park, J.H., Lee, H.J., Yoon, Y.J., Chang, H.C., & Choy, J.H. (2013). Aripiprazole-montmorillonite: a new organic-inorganic nanohybrid material for biomedical applications. Chemistry - A European Journal, 19, 4869–4875.
Oh, J.M., Choi, S.J., Kim, S.T., & Choy, J.H. (2006). Cellular uptake mechanism of an inorganic nanovehicle and its drug conjugates: enhanced efficacy due to clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Bioconjugate Chemistry, 17, 1411–1417.
Oh, J.M., Choi, S.J., Lee, G. E., Kim, J.E., & Choy, J.H. (2009). Inorganic metal hydroxide nanoparticles for targeted cellular uptake through clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Chemistry - An Asian Journal, 4, 67–73.
Park, D.H., Cho, J., Kwon, O.J. Yun, C.O., & Choy, J.H. (2016). Biodegradable inorganic nanovector: passive versus active tumor targeting in siRNA transportation. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 55, 4582–4586.
Park, J.K., Choy, Y.B., Oh, J.M., Kim, J.Y., Hwang, S.J., & Choy, J.H. (2008). Controlled release of donepezil intercalated in smectite clays. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 539, 198–204.
Park, D.H., Hwang, S.J., Oh, J.M., Yang, J.H., Choy, J.H. (2013). Polymer−inorganic supramolecular nanohybrids for red, white, green, and blue applications. Progress in Polymer Science, 38, 1442–1486.
Prausnitz, M.R., & Langer, R. (2008). Transdermal drug delivery. Nature Biotechnology, 26, 1261–1268.
Ray, S., Saha, S., Sa, B., & Chakraborty, J. (2017). In vivo pharmacological evaluation and efficacy study of methotrexate-encapsulated polymer-coated layered double hydroxide nanoparticles for possible application in the treatment of osteosarcoma. Drug Delivery and Translational Research, 7, 259–275.
Reichle, W.T. (1986). Synthesis of anionic clay minerals (mixed metal hydroxides, hydrotalcite). Solid State Ionics, 22, 135–141.
Ryu, S.J., Jung, H., Oh, J.M., Lee, J.k., & Choy, J.H. (2010). Layered double hydroxide as novel antibacterial drug delivery system. Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids, 71, 685–688.
Saha, K., Butola, B.S., & Joshi, M. (2014). Synthesis and characterization of chlorhexidine acetate drug-montmorillonite intercalates for antibacterial applications. Applied Clay Science, 101, 477–483.
Sarcinelli, M.A., de Souza Albernaz, M., Szwed, M., Iscaife, A., Leite, K.R.M., Junqueira, M., Bernardes, E.S., Silva, E.O., Tavares, M.I.B., & Santos-Oliveira, R. (2016). Nanoradiopharmaceuticals for breast cancer imaging: development, characterization, and imaging in inducted animals. OncoTargets and Therapy, 9, 5847–5854.
Shi, S., Fliss, B.C., Gu, Z., Zhu, Y., Hong, H., Valdovinos, H.F., Hernandez, R., Goel, S., Luo, H., Chen, F., Barnhart, T.E., Nickles, R.J., & Xu, Z.P. (2015). Chelator-free labeling of layered double hydroxide nanoparticles for in vivo PET imaging. Scientific Reports, 5, 16930.
Soussou, A., Gammoudi, I., Kalboussi, A., Grayby-Heywang, C., Cohen-Bouhacina, T., & Baccar, Z.M. (2017). Hydrocalumite thin films for polyphenol biosensor elaboration. IEEE Transacions on NanoBioscience, 16, 650–655.
Stephen, Z.R., Kievit, F.M., & Zhang, M. (2011). Magnetite nanoparticles for medical MR imaging. Materials Today, 14, 330–338.
Stockert, J.C., Blázquez-Castro, A., Cañete, M., Horobin, R.W., & Villanueva, Á. (2012). MTT assay for cell viability: Intracellular localization of the formazan product is in lipid droplets. Acta Histochemica, 114, 785–796.
Suh, Y.J., Kil, D.S., Chung, K.S., Abdullayev, E., Lvov, Y.M., & Mongayt, D. (2011). Natural nanocontainer for the controlled delivery of glycerol as a moisturizing agent. Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 11, 611–665.
Thakur, G., Singh, A., & Singh, I. (2016). Formulation and evaluation of transdermal composite films of chitosan-montmorillonite for the delivery of curcumin. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation, 6, 23–31.
Vergaro, V., Abdullayev, E., Lvov, Y.M., Zeitoun, A., Cingolani, R., Rinaldi, R., & Leporatti, S. (2010). Cytocompatibility and uptake of halloysite clay nanotubes. Biomacromolecules, 11, 820–826.
Vergaro, V., Lvov, Y.M., & Leporatti, S., (2012). Halloysite clay nanotubes for resveratrol delivery to cancer cells. Macromolecular Bioscience, 12, 1265–1271.
Wang, X., Gong, J., Rong, R., Gui, Z., Hu, T., & Xu, X. (2018). Halloysite nanotubes-induced Al accumulation and fibrotic response in lung of mice after 30-day repeated oral administration. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 66, 2925–2933.
Wang, G., Maciel, D., Wu, Y., Rodrigues, J., Shi, X., Yuan, Y., Liu, C., Tomas, H., & Li, Y. (2014). Amphiphilic polymer-mediated formation of laponite-based nanohybrids with robust stability and pH sensitivity for anticancer drug delivery. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 6, 16687–16695.
Wang, C., Wang, S., Li, K., Li, J., Zhang, Y., Li, J., Liu, X., Shi, X., & Zhao, Q. (2014). Preparation of laponite bioceramics for potential bone tissue engineering applications. PLOS One, 9, e99585
Wang, L., Xing, H., Zhang, S., Ren, Q., Pan, L., Zhang, K., Bu, W., Zheng, X., Zhou, L., Peng, W., Hua, Y., & Shi, J. (2013). A Gd-doped Mg-Al-LDH/Au nanocomposite for CT/MR bimodal imagings and simultaneous drug delivery. Biomaterials, 34, 3390–3401.
Wei, W., Minullina, R., Abdullayev, E., Fakhrullin, R., Mills, D., & Lvov, Y. (2014). Enhanced efficiency of antiseptics with sustained release from clay nanotubes. RSC Advances, 4, 488–494.
Wen, X., Yang, Z., Yan, J., & Xie, X. (2015). Green preparation and characterization of a novel heat stabilizer for poly(vinyl chloride)-hydrocalumites. RSC Advances, 5, 32020–32026
Wu, Y.P., Yang, J., Gao, H.Y., Shen, Y., Jiang, L., Zhou, C., Li, Y.F., He, R.R., & Liu, M. (2018). Folate-conjugated halloysite nanotubes, an efficient drug carrier, deliver doxorubicin for targeted therapy of breast cancer. ACS Applied Nano Matererials, 1, 595–608.
Xavier, J.R., Thakur, T., Desai, P., Jaiswal, M.K., Sears, N., Cosgriff-Hernandez, E., Kaunas, R., & Gaharwar, A.K. (2015). Bioactive nanoengineered hydrogels for bone tissue engineering: a growth-factor-free approach. ACS Nano, 9, 3109–3118.
Xing, H., Hwang, K., & Lu, Y. (2016). Recent developments of liposomes as nanocarriers for theranostic applications. Theranostics, 6, 1336–1352.
Yah, W.O., Takahara, A., Lvov, Y.M. (2012). Selective modification of halloysite lumen with octadecylphosphonic acid: new inorganic tubular micelle. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 134, 1853–1859.
Yang, J.H., Han, Y.S., Park, M., Park, T., Hwang, S.J., & Choy, J.H. (2007). New Inorganic-based drug delivery system of indole-3-acetic acid-layered metal hydroxide nanohybrids with controlled release rate. Chemistry of Materials, 19, 2679–2685.
Yang, J.H., Jung, H., Kim, S.Y., Yo, C.H., & Choy, J.H. (2013). Heterostructured layered aluminosilicate-itraconazole nanohybrid for drug delivery system. Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 13, 7331–7336.
Yang, L., Shao, Y., & Han, H.K. (2014). Improved pH-dependent drug release and oral exposure of telmisartan, a poorly soluble drug through the formation of drug-aminoclay complex. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 471, 258–263.
Yuan, P., Tan, D., & Annabi-Bergaya, F. (2015). Properties and applications of halloysite nanotubes: recent research advances and future prospects. Applied Clay Science, 112-113, 75–93.
Zhou, T., Jia, L., Luo, Y.F., Xu, J., Chen, R.H., Ge, Z.J., Ma, T.L., Chem, H., & Zhu, T.F. (2016). Multifunctional nanocomposite based on halloysite nanotubes for efficient luminescent bioimaging and magnetic resonance imaging. International Journal of Nanomedicine, 11, 4765–4776.
Zhuang, Y., Zhao, L., Zheng, L., Hu, Y., Ding, L., Liu, C., Zhao, J., Shi, X., & Guo, R. (2017). LAPONITE-polyethylenimine based theranostic nanoplatform for tumor-targeting CT imaging and chemotherapy. ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering, 3, 431–442.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) Grants funded by the Korean Government (MSIP) (No. 2017R1A6A3A11034149, No. 2016R1D1A1A02937308, and No. 2017K2A9A2A10013104).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Choi, G., Piao, H., Eom, S. et al. Vectorized Clay Nanoparticles in Therapy and Diagnosis. Clays Clay Miner. 67, 25–43 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42860-019-0009-9
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42860-019-0009-9