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Residual Effects of Restless Sleep over Depressive Symptoms on Chronic Medical Conditions: Race by Gender Differences

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Abstract

Background

Sleep and depression are comorbid problems that contribute to the development of chronic medical conditions (CMC) over time. Although racial and gender differences in the bidirectional associations between sleep, depression, and CMC are known, very limited information exists on heterogeneity of the residual effects of sleep problems over depressive symptoms on CMC across race by gender groups.

Aim

Using a life-course perspective, the present study compared race by gender groups for residual effects of restless sleep over depressive symptoms on CMC.

Methods

We used data from waves 1 (year 1986), 4 (year 2001), and 5 (year 2011) of the Americans’ Changing Lives Study (ACL). The study followed 294 White men, 108 Black men, 490 White women, and 237 Black women for 25 years. Restless sleep, depressive symptoms (Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression scale [CES-D]), and number of chronic medical conditions (hypertension, diabetes, chronic lung disease, heart disease, stroke, cancer, and arthritis) were measured in 1986, 2001, and 2011. We employed multi-group cross-lagged modeling, with chronic medical conditions as the outcome and race by gender as the groups.

Results

Major group differences were found in the residual effect of restless sleep on CMC over depressive symptoms across race by gender groups. Restless sleep in 2001 predicted CMC 10 years later in 2011 among Black women (standardized adjusted B = .135, P < .05) and White men (standardized adjusted = .145, P < .01) and White women (standardized adjusted B = .171, P < .001) but not Black men (standardized adjusted B = .001, P > .05).

Conclusion

Race by gender heterogeneity in the residual effect of restless sleep over depressive symptoms on CMC over 25 years suggests that comorbid poor sleep and depressive symptoms differently contribute to development of multi-morbidity among subpopulations based on the intersection of race and gender. Thus, interventions that try to prevent comorbid sleep problems and depression as a strategy to prevent medical conditions may benefit from tailoring based on the intersection of race and gender.

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Acknowledgments

The Americans’ Changing Lives (ACL) study was supported by Grant no. AG018418 from the National Institute on Aging (DHHS/NIH), and per the NIH Public Access Policy requires that peer-reviewed research publications generated with NIH support are made available to the public through PubMed Central. NIH is not responsible for the data collection or analyses represented in this article. The ACL study was conducted by the Institute of Social Research, University of Michigan. Dr. Leggett and Dr. Pepin were supported by a National Institute of Mental Health T32 MH073553 postdoctoral fellowship. Shervin Assari is supported by the Heinz C. Prechter Bipolar Research Fund and the Richard Tam Foundation at the University of Michigan Comprehensive Depression Center.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, 4250 Plymouth Road, SPC 5763, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2700, USA

    Shervin Assari & Amanda Leggett

  2. Center for Research on Ethnicity, Culture and Health, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

    Shervin Assari

  3. Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

    Amanda Sonnega

  4. Dartmouth Centers for Health and Aging, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH, USA

    Renee Pepin

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  1. Shervin Assari
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Correspondence to Shervin Assari.

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The study was designed and drafted by Assari. Data analysis was conducted by Assari. Sonnega, Leggett, and Pepin contributed to the draft and revision. All authors approved the last version.

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The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

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All procedures followed were in accordance with the ethical standards of the responsible committee on human experimentation (institutional and national) with the Helsinki Declaration of 1975, as revised in 2000. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.

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Assari, S., Sonnega, A., Pepin, R. et al. Residual Effects of Restless Sleep over Depressive Symptoms on Chronic Medical Conditions: Race by Gender Differences. J. Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities 4, 59–69 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40615-015-0202-z

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