Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Biosynthesis and therapeutic implications of iridoid glycosides from Picrorhiza genus: the road ahead

  • Review Article
  • Published:
Journal of Plant Biochemistry and Biotechnology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Picrorhiza genus is emerging as an important paradigm for herbal drug formulations due to its versatile iridoid glycosides exhibition and robustness in the treatment of diverse infections including hepatic amoebiasis, cancer, malaria, ulcerative colitis and cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury. Owing to the superiority of these bioactivities, iridoid glycosides from Picrorhiza have become a hot research area over the years. A metabolic pathway for the formation of iridoid glycosides has been proposed. However, some enzymes and genes of this route are still unidentified and demand the enumeration of facilitating pathways contributing to the biosynthesis of iridoid glycosides. This review summarizes the current knowledge of all naturally occurring iridoid glycosides from Picrorhiza, their biosynthesis and pharmacological capabilities which could provide the insight into metabolic regulation and the basis for the development of new drugs.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4

Similar content being viewed by others

Abbreviations

DXPS:

1-Deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase

DXPR:

1-Deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase

ISPD:

4-Diphosphocytidyl-2C-methyl-d-erythritol synthase

ISPE:

4-Diphosphocytidyl-2C-methyl-d-erythritol kinase

MECPS:

2-C-methyl-d-erythritol 2,4-cyclopyrophosphate synthase

HDS:

1-Hydroxy-2-methyl 2-(E)-butenyl-4-pyrophosphate synthase

References

  • Ansari RA, Tripathi SC, Patnaik GK, Dhawan BN (1991) Antihepatotoxic properties of picroliv: an active fraction from rhizomes of Picrorhiza kurrooa. J Ethnopharmacol 34:61–68

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Banerjee D, Maity B, Nag SK, Bandyopadhyay SK, Chattopadhyay S (2008) Healing potential of Picrorhiza kurroa (Scrofulariaceae) rhizomes against indomethacin-induced gastric ulceration: a mechanistic exploration. BMC Complement Altern Med 8:3

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bantawa P, Saha-Roy O, Ghosh SK, Mondal TK (2011) In vitro regeneration of an endangered medicinal plant Picrorhiza scrophulariiflora. Biol Plant 55:169–172

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baruah CC, Gupta PP, Nath A, Patnaik LGK, Dhawan BN (1998) Anti-allergic and anti-anaphylactic activity of picroliv—a standardised iridoid glycoside fraction of Picrorhiza kurroa. Pharmacol Res 38:487–492

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Basu K, Dasgupta B, Ghosal S (1970) Structure of kutkin, the bitter glucoside of Picrorhiza kurroa. J Org Chem 35:3159–3161

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bhandari P, Kumar N, Singh B, Kaul VK (2008) Simultaneous determination of sugars and picrosides in Picrorhiza species using ultrasonic extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography with evaporative light scattering detection. J Chromatogr A 1194:257–261

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bhandari P, Kumar N, Singh B, Ahuja PS (2010) Online HPLC-DPPH method for antioxidant activity of Picrorhiza kurroa Royle ex Benth and characterization of kutkoside by ultra-performance LC-electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Indian J Exp Biol 48:323–328

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bhat WW, Dhar N, Razdan S, Rana S, Mehra R, Nargotra A, Dhar RS, Ashraf N, Vishwakarma R, Lattoo SK (2013) Molecular Characterization of UGT94F2 and UGT86C4, two glycosyltransferases from Picrorhiza kurrooa: comparative structural insight and evaluation of substrate recognition. PLoS ONE 8:e73804

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bhat WW, Rana S, Dhar N, Razdan S, Pandith SA, Vishwakarma R, Lattoo SK (2014) An inducible cytochrome P450-reductase from Picrorhiza kurroa—an imperative redox partner of cytochrome P450 enzymes. Funct Integr Genom 14:381–399

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bhattacharjee S, Bhattacharya S, Jana S, Baghel DS (2013) A review on medicinally important species of Picrorhiza. Int J Pharm Res Bio-Sci 2:1–16

    Google Scholar 

  • Chander R, Kapoor NK, Dhawan BN (1992) Picroliv, picroside I and kutkoside from Picrorhiza kurroa are scavengers of superoxide anions. Biochem Pharmacol 44:180–183

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Collu G, Unver N, Peltenburg-Looman AM, van der Heijden R, Verpoorte R, Memelink J (2001) Geraniol-10-hydroxylase, a cytochrome P450 enzyme involved in terpenoid indole alkaloid biosynthesis. FEBS Lett 508:215–220

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Daqi W, Zhengdan H, Baoshu F, Chongren Y (1993) Chemical constituents from Picrorhiza scrophulariiflora. Acta Bot Yunnanica 15:83–88

    Google Scholar 

  • Dwivedi Y, Rastogi R, Garg NK, Dhawan BN (1992) Picroliv and its components kutkoside and P-I protect liver against galactosamine induced damage in rats. Pharmacol Toxicol 71:383–387

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fridman E, Pichersky E (2005) Metabolomics, genomics, proteomics, and the identification of enzymes and their substrates and products. Curr Opin Plant Biol 8:242–248

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gaddipati JP, Madhavan S, Sidhu GS, Singh AK, Seth P, Maheshwari RK (1999) Picroliv—a natural product protects cells and regulates the gene expression during hypoxia/reoxygenation. Mol Cell Biochem 194:271–281

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gao H, Zhou YW (2005a) Anti-lipid peroxidation and protection of liver mitochondria against injuries by picroside II. World J Gastroenterol 11:3671–3674

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gao H, Zhou YW (2005b) Inhibitory effect of picroside II on hepatocyte apoptosis. Acta Pharmacol Sin 26:729–736

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Geu-Flores F, Sherden NH, Courdavault V, Burlat V, Glenn WS, Wu C, Nims E, Cui Y, O’Connor SE (2012) An alternative route to cyclic terpenes by reductive cyclization in iridoid biosynthesis. Nature 492:138–142

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Guo Y, Xu X, Li Q, Li Z, Du F (2010) Anti-inflammation effects of picroside 2 in cerebral ischemic injury rats. Behav Brain Funct 6:43

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Handa SS, Mundkinajeddu D, Mangal AK (eds) (1998) Indian Herbal Pharmacopoeia. IDMA Mumbai, RRL Jammu Tawi

  • He LJ, Liang M, Hou FF, Guo ZJ, Xie D, Zhang X (2009) Ethanol extraction of Picrorhiza scrophulariiflora prevents renal injury in experimental diabetes via anti-inflammation action. J Endocrinol 200:347–355

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Huang SX, Zhou Y, Nie QJ, Ding LS, Peng SL (2006) Two new iridoid glucosides from Picrorhiza scrophulariiflora. J Asian Nat Prod Res 8:259–263

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jeena KJ, Joy KL, Kuttan R (1999) Effect of Emblica officinalis, Phyllanthus amarus and Picrorrhiza kurroa on N-nitrosodiethylamine induced hepatocarcinogenesis. Cancer Lett 136:11–16

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jia Q, Hong MF, Minter D (1999) Pikuroside: a novel iridoid from Picrorhiza kurroa. J Nat Prod 62:901–903

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Joy KL, Rajeshkumar NV, Kuttan G, Kuttan R (2000) Effect of Picrorrhiza kurroa extract on transplanted tumours and chemical carcinogenesis in mice. J Ethnopharmacol 71:261–266

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kant K, Walia M, Agnihotri VK, Pathania V, Singh B (2013) Evaluation of antioxidant activity of Picrorhiza kurroa (leaves) extracts. Indian J Pharm Sci 75:324–329

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Khanna AK, Chander R, Kapoor NK, Dhawan BN (1994) Hypolipedaemic activity of picroliv in albino rats. Phytother Res 8:403–407

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar V, Sood H, Sharma M, Chauhan RS (2013) A proposed biosynthetic pathway of picrosides linked through the detection of biochemical intermediates in the endangered medicinal herb Picrorhiza kurroa. Phytochem Anal 24:598–602

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar V, Kumar V, Chauhan RS, Sood H, Tandon C (2015a) Cost effective quantification of picrosides in Picrorhiza kurroa by employing response surface methodology using HPLC-UV. J Plant Biochem Biotechnol 24:376–384

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar V, Sharma N, Shitiz K, Singh TR, Tandon C, Sood H, Chauhan RS (2015b) An insight into conflux of metabolic traffic leading to picroside-I biosynthesis by tracking molecular time course changes in a medicinal herb, Picrorhiza kurroa. Plant Cell, Tissue Organ Cult 123:435–441

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar V, Shitiz K, Chauhan RS, Sood H, Tandon C (2016) Tracking dynamics of enzyme activities and their gene expression in Picrorhiza kurroa with respect to picroside accumulation. J Plant Biochem Biotechnol 25:125–132

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lange BM, Rujan T, Martin W, Croteau R (2000) Isoprenoid biosynthesis: the evolution of two ancient and distinct pathways across genomes. Proc Natl Acad Sci 97:13172–13177

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Laule O, Furholz A, Chang HS, Zhu T, Wang X, Heifetz PB, Gruissem W, Lange M (2003) Crosstalk between cytosolic and plastidial pathways of isoprenoids biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana. Proc Natl Acad Sci 100:6866–6871

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Li JX, Li P, Tezuka Y, Namba T, Kadota S (1998) Three phenylethanoid glycosides and an iridoid glycoside from Picrorhiza scrophulariiflora. Phytochemistry 48:537–542

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Li P, Matsunaga K, Yamakuni T, Ohizumi Y (2000) Potentiation of nerve growth factor-action by picrosides I and II, natural iridoids, in PC12D cells. Eur J Pharmacol 406:203–208

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Li P, Matsunaga K, Yamakuni T, Ohizumi Y (2002) Picroside I and II, selective enhancers of the mitogen-activated protein kinase-dependent signaling pathway in the action of neuritogenic substances on PC12D cells. Life Sci 71:1821–1835

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Li Q, Li Z, Xu XY, Guo YL, Du F (2010) Neuroprotective properties of picroside II in a rat model of focal cerebral ischemia. Int J Mol Sci 11:4580–4590

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Liu JW, Yu YJ, Zheng PY, Zhang XD, Li T, Cao Y, Guo MC (2007) Synergistic protective effect of picroside II and NGF on PC12 cells against oxidative stress induced by H2O2. Pharmacol Rep 59:573–579

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Luper S (1998) A review of plants used in the treatment of liver disease: part 1. Altern Med Rev 3:410–421

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mandal S, Mukhopadhyay S (2004) New iridoid glucoside from Picrorhiza kurroa Royle ex Benth. Indian J Chem 43B:1023–1025

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meng FJ, Hou ZW, Li Y, Yang Y, Yu B (2012a) The protective effect of picroside II against hypoxia/reoxygenation injury in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. Pharm Biol 50:1226–1232

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meng FJ, Jiao SM, Yu B (2012b) Picroside II protects cardiomyocytes from hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced apoptosis by activating the PI3 K/Akt and CREB pathways. Int J Mol Med 30:263–270

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miettinen K, Dong L, Navrot N, Schneider T, Burlat V, Pollier J, Woittiez L, van der Krol S, Lugan R, Llc T, Verpoorte R, Oksman-Caldentey KM, Martinoia E, Bouwmeester H, Goossens A, Memelink J, Werck-Reichhart D (2014) The seco-iridoid pathway from Catharanthus roseus. Nat Commun 5:3606

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Mondal TK, Bantawa P, Sarkar B, Ghosh P, Chand PK (2013) Cellular differentiation, regeneration, and secondary metabolite production in medicinal Picrorhiza spp. Plant Cell, Tissue Organ Cult 112:143–158

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nandave M, Ojha SK, Kumari S, Nag TC, Mehra R, Narang R, Arya DS (2013) Cardioprotective effect of root extract of Picrorhiza kurroa (Royle Ex Benth) against isoproterenol-induced cardiotoxicity in rats. Indian J Exp Biol 51:694–701

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nayar MP, Sastri ARK (1990) Red data plants of India. CSIR Publication, New Delhi, p 271

    Google Scholar 

  • Pandit S, Shitiz K, Sood H, Chauhan RS (2013a) Differential biosynthesis and accumulation of picrosides in an endangered medicinal herb Picrorhiza kurroa. J Plant Biochem Biotechnol 22:335–342

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pandit S, Shitiz K, Sood H, Naik PK, Chauhan RS (2013b) Expression pattern of fifteen genes of non-mevalonate (MEP) and mevalonate (MVA) pathways in different tissues of endangered medicinal herb Picrorhiza kurroa with respect to picrosides content. Mol Biol Rep 40:1053–1063

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Patil AA, Sachin BS, Shinde DB, Wakte PS (2013) Supercritical CO2 assisted extraction and LC–MS identification of picroside-I and picroside-II from Picrorhiza kurroa. Phytochem Anal 24:97–104

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pei H, Su X, Zhao L, Li H, Guo Y, Zhang M, Xin H (2012) Primary Study for the therapeutic dose and time window of picroside II in treating cerebral ischemic injury in rats. Int J Mol Sci 13:2551–2562

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Puri A, Saxena RP, Sumati Guru PY, Kulshreshtha DK, Saxena KC, Dhawan BN (1992) Immunostimulant activity of Picroliv, the iridoid glycoside fraction of Picrorhiza kurroa, and its protective action against Leishmania donovani infection in hamsters. Planta Med 58:528–532

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pusalkar PK (2014) Picrorhiza tungnathii sp. nov. from western Himalaya, India. Nord J Bot 32:308–313

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rajkumar V, Guha G, Kumar RA (2011) Antioxidant and anti-neoplastic activities of Picrorhiza kurroa extracts. Food Chem Toxicol 49:363–369

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rastogi R, Saksena S, Garg NK, Kapoor NK, Agarwal DP, Dhawan BN (1996) Picroliv protects against alcohol-induced chronic hepatotoxicity in rats. Planta Med 62:283–285

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rastogi R, Srivastava AK, Srivastava M, Rastogi AK (2000) Hepatocurative effect of picroliv and silymarin against aflatoxin B1 induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Planta Med 66:709–713

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rathee D, Thanki M, Bhuva S, Anandjiwala S, Agrawal R (2013) Iridoid glycosides-kutkin, picroside-I and kutkoside from Picrorhiza kurroa Benth inhibits the invasion and migration of MCF-7 breast cancer cells through the down regulation of matrix metalloproteinases. Arab J Chem 6:49–58

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ray A, Chaudhuri SR, Majumdar B, Bandyopadhyay SK (2002) Antioxidant activity of ethanol extract of rhizome of Picrorhiza kurroa on Indomethacin induced gastric ulcer during healing. Indian J Clin Biochem 17:44–51

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Rohmer M, Knani M, Simonin P, Sutter B, Sahm H (1993) Isoprenoid biosynthesis in bacteria: a novel pathway for early steps leading to isopentenyl diphosphate. Biochem J 295:517–524

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sah JN, Varshney VK (2013) Chemical constituents of Picrorhiza genus: a review. Am J Essent Oils Nat Prod 1:22–37

    Google Scholar 

  • Sane SA, Shakya N, Gupta S (2011) Immunomodulatory effect of picroliv on the efficacy of paromomycin and miltefosine in combination in experimental visceral leishmaniasis. Exp Parasitol 127:376–381

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Saraswat B, Visen PKS, Patnaik GK, Dhawan BN (1999) Ex vivo and in vivo investigations of picroliv from Picrorhiza kurroa in an alcohol intoxication model in rats. J Ethnopharmacol 66:263–269

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sharma SK, Kumar N (2012) Antimicrobial screening of Picrorhiza kurroa Royle ex Benth rhizome. Int J Curr Pharm Rev Res 3:60–65

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sharma ML, Rao CS, Duda PL (1994) Immunostimulatory activity of Picrorhiza kurroa leaf extract. J Ethnopharmacol 41:185–192

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shetty SN, Mengi S, Vaidya R, Vaidya ADB (2010) A study of standardized extracts of Picrorhiza kurroa Royle ex Benth in experimental nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J Ayurveda Integr Med 1:203–210

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Singh V, Banyal HS (2011) Antimalarial effects of Picrorhiza kurroa Royle ex Benth extracts on Plasmodium berghei. Asian J Exp Biol Sci 2:529–532

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh M, Tiwari V, Jain A, Ghoshal S (2005) Protective activity of picroliv on hepatic amoebiasis associated with carbon tetrachloride toxicity. Indian J Med Res 121:676–682

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Singh H, Gahlan P, Kumar S (2013) Cloning and expression analysis of ten genes associated with picrosides biosynthesis in Picrorhiza kurroa. Gene 515:320–328

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sinha S, Mehrotra J, Bala L, Jaiswal AK, Dhawan BN (1998) Picroliv, the iridoid glycoside fraction of Picrorhiza kurroa, selectively augments human T cell response to mycobacterial protein antigens. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 20:579–588

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • State Pharmacopeia Commission of P. R. China (1995) Pharmacopeia of the P. R. China. Peoples Health Publishing House, Beijing, p 303

    Google Scholar 

  • Stuppner H, Wagner H (1989) Minor iridoid and phenol glycosides of Picrorhiza kurrooa. Planta Med 55:467–469

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sud A, Chauhan RS, Tandon C (2013) Identification of imperative enzymes by differential protein expression in Picrorhiza kurroa under metabolite accumulating and non-accumulating conditions. Protein Pept Lett 20:826–835

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sud A, Chauhan RS, Tandon C (2014) Mass spectrometric analysis of differentially expressed proteins in an endangered medicinal herb, Picrorhiza kurroa. Biomed Res Int 2014:326405

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Vaidya AB, Antarkar DS, Doshi JC, Bhatt AD, Ramesh V, Vora PV, Perissond D, Baxi AJ, Kale PM (1996) Picrorhiza kurroa (Kutaki) Royle ex Benth as a hepatoprotective agent—experimental & clinical studies. J Postgrad Med 42:105–108

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Verma PC, Basu V, Gupta V, Saxena G, Rahman LU (2009) Pharmacology and chemistry of a potent hepatoprotective compound picroliv isolated from the roots and rhizomes of Picrorhiza kurroa Royle ex Benth. (kutki). Curr Pharm Biotechnol 10:641–649

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Viljoen A, Mncwangi N, Vermaak I (2012) Anti-inflammatory iridoids of botanical origin. Curr Med Chem 19:2104–2127

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Visen PKS, Shukla B, Patnaik GK, Chandra R, Singh V, Kapoor NK, Dhawan BN (1991) Hepatoprotective activity of picroliv isolated from Picrorhiza kurrooa against thioacetamide toxicity on rat hepatocytes. Phytother Res 5:224–227

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang H, Zhao W, Choomuenwai V, Andrews KT, Quinn RJ, Feng Y (2013a) Chemical investigation of an antimalarial Chinese medicinal herb Picrorhiza scrophulariiflora. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 23:5915–5918

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wang L, Lv W, Rong L, Liu G (2013b) Picroside II diminishes oxidative stress induced by cerebral ischemic injury in rats. Int J Clin Ther Diagn 1:402

    Google Scholar 

  • Weitzel C, Simonsen HT (2015) Cytochrome P450-enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of mono- and sesquiterpenes. Phytochem Rev 14:7–24

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wu N, Li W, Shu W, Jia D (2014) Protective effect of picroside II on myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury in rats. Drug Des Dev Ther 8:545–554

    Google Scholar 

  • Yang G, Zhang R, Li X, Sui Q (2014) Picroside II could protect the cerebral ischemic injury by reducing the content of free radical and enhancing the activity of antioxidase in rats. J Adv Biol 3:219–226

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang DK, Yu JJ, Li YM, Wei LN, Yu Y, Feng YH, Wang X (2012) A Picrorhiza kurroa derivative, picroliv, attenuates the development of dextran-sulfate-sodium-induced colitis in mice. Mediat Inflamm 2012:751629

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang M, Fangfang P, Zhang R, Zhao L, Wu Y (2013) The antioxidant effect of picroside II and the optimizing of therapeutic dose and time window in cerebral ischemic injury in rats. Merit Res J Pharm Pharm Sci 1:001–007

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhao L, Li X, Wang T, Guo Y, Pang F, Chang C (2013) The anti-inflammatory effect of picroside II and the optimizing of therapeutic dose and time window in cerebral ischemic injury in rats. Mod Res Inflamm 2:46–53

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao L, Guo Y, Ji X, Zhang M (2014) The neuroprotective effect of picroside II via regulating the expression of myelin basic protein after cerebral ischemia injury in rats. BMC Neurosci 15:25

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

Financial support of this work was provided by Department of Biotechnology (DBT), Ministry of Science and Technology, Govt. of India in the form of a programme support on high value medicinal plants under Centre of Excellence.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, Solan, HP, 173234, India

    Varun Kumar & Rajinder Singh Chauhan

  2. Department of Biotechnology, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, 201313, India

    Chanderdeep Tandon

Authors
  1. Varun Kumar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Rajinder Singh Chauhan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Chanderdeep Tandon
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Chanderdeep Tandon.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they do not have any conflict of interest.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Kumar, V., Chauhan, R.S. & Tandon, C. Biosynthesis and therapeutic implications of iridoid glycosides from Picrorhiza genus: the road ahead. J. Plant Biochem. Biotechnol. 26, 1–13 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13562-016-0364-8

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13562-016-0364-8

Keywords

Search

Navigation