Abstract
Photodynamic inactivation (PDI) combines a photosensitizer with light in the presence of oxygen, producing reactive oxygen species which will inactivate pathogens. The most common dermatophyte, named T. mentagrophytes, was known to cause various skin infections in human, such as dermatophytosis. In this study, the antifungal activity of chlorin e6-based PDI with halogen light for photodynamic inactivation against T. mentagrophytes was measured. We report for the first time that the chlorin e6-based PDI exhibited a significant antifungal activity against T. mentagrophytes. The use of chlorin e6 as an antifungal photosensitizer for PDI represents a prominent alternative method for treating fungal infections.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Donnelly, R. F., McCarron, P. A. & Tuney, M. M. Antifungal photodynamic therapy. Microbiol. Res. 163, 1–12 (2008).
Kessel, D., Vicente, M. G. & Reiners J. J. Jr. Initiation of apoptosis and autophagy by photodynamic therapy. Lasers Surg. Med. 38, 482–488 (2006).
Chen, B. et al. The tumor affinity of chlorin e6 and its sonodynamic effects on non-small cell lung cancer. Ultrason Sonochem. 20, 667–673 (2013).
Isakau, H. A. et al. Toward understanding the high PDT efficacy of chlorin e6-polyvinylpyrrolidone formulations: Photophysical and molecular aspects of photosensitizer-polymer interaction in vitro. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B. 92, 165–174 (2008).
Alexandra B. O. & Harold S. F. Dye sensitizers for photodynamic therapy. Materials. 6, 817–840 (2013).
Demidova, T. N. & Hamblin, M. R. Photodynamic therapy targeted to pathogens. Int. J. Immunopathol. Pharmacol. 17, 245–254 (2004).
Hamblin, M. R. & Hasan, T. Photodynamic therapy: a new antimicrobial approach to infectious disease? Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. 3, 436–450 (2004).
Bertoloni, G., Reddi, E., Gatta, M., Burlini, C. & Jori, G. Factors influencing the haematoporphyrin-sensitized photoinactivation of Candida albicans. J. Gen. Microbiol. 135, 957–966 (1989).
Espinel-Ingroff, A. Novel antifungal agents, targets or therapeutic strategies for the treatment of invasive fungal disease: a review of the literature (2005–2009). Rev. Iberoam. Micol. 26, 15–22 (2009).
Groll, A. H. & Tragiannidis, A. Recent advances in antifungal prevention and treatment. Semin. Hematol. 46, 212–229 (2009).
Lee, M. H., Lee, K. B., Oh, S. M., Lee, B. H. & Chee, H. Y. Antifungal activities of dieckol isolated from the marine brown alga Ecklonia cava against Trichophyton rubrum. J. Korean Soc. Appl. Biol. Chem. 53, 504–507 (2010).
Chinelli, P. A., Sofiatti Ade, A., Nunes, R. S. & Martin, J. E. Dermatophyte agents in the city of São Plaulo, from 1992 to 2002. Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Sao. Paulo. 45, 259–263 (2003).
Weitzman, I. & Summerbell, R. C. The dermatophytes. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 8, 240–259 (1995).
Summerbell, R. C. Epidemiology and ecology of onychomycosis. Dermatology. 194, 32–36 (1997).
Yu, A. R. et al. The antifungal activity of bee venom against dermatophytes. J. Appl. Biol. Chem. 55, 7–11 (2012).
Ramage, G., Mowat, E., Jones, B., Williams, C. & Lopez-Ribot, J. Our current understanding of fungal biofilms. Crit. Rev. Microbiol. 35, 340–355 (2009).
Pires, R. H. et al. Anticandidal efficacy of cinnamon oil against planktonic and biofilm cultures of Candida parapsilosis and Candida orthopsilosis. Mycopathologia. 172, 453–464 (2011).
Pires, R. H., Santis, J. M., Zaja, J. E., Martins, C. H. & Mendes-Giannini, M. J. Candida parapsilosis complex water isolates from a haemodiaysis unit: biofilm production and in vitro evaluation of the use of clinical antifungals. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz. 106, 646–654 (2011).
Martins, M., Henriques, M., Lopez-Ribot, J. L. & Oliveira, R. Addition of DNase improves the in vitro activity of antifungal drugs against Candida albicans biofilms. Mycoses. 55, 80–85 (2012).
Sardi, J. C., Scorzoni, L., Bernardi, T., Fusco-Almeida, A. M. & Mendes Giannini, M. J. Candida species: current epidemiology, pathogenicity, biofilm formation, natural antifungal products and new therapeutic options. J. Med. Microbiol. 62, 10–24 (2013).
Ajesh, K. & Sreejith, K. Cryptococcus laurentii biofilms: structure, development and antifungal drug resistance. Mycopathologia. 174, 409–419 (2012).
Bojsen, R. K., Andersen, K. S. & Regenberg, B. Saccharomyces cerevisiae — a model to uncover molecular mechanisms for yeast biofilm biology. FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. 65, 169–182 (2012).
Muszkieta, L. et al. Investigation of Aspergillus fumigates bioflim formation by various “omics” approaches. Front Microbiol. 4, 13 (2013).
Costa-Orlandi, C. B., Sardi, J. C., Santos, C. T., Fusco-Almeida, A. M. & Mendes-Giannini, M. J. In vitro characterization of Trichophyton rubrum and T. mentagrophytes biofilms. Biofouling. 30, 719–727 (2014).
Vlassova, N., Han, A., Zenilman, J. M., James, G. & Lazarus, G. S. New horizons for cutanious microbiology: the role of biofilms in dermatological disease. Br. J. Dermatol. 165, 751–759 (2011).
Gupta, A. K. & Del Rosso, J. Q. An evaluation of intermittent therapies used to treat onychomycosis and other dermatomycoses with the oral antifungal agents. Int. J. Dermatol. 39, 401–411 (2000).
Hainer, B. L. Dermatophyte infections. Am. Fam. Physician. 67, 101–108 (2003).
Nair, M. K. et al. Antibacterial effect of caprylic acid and monocaprylin on major bacterial mastitis pathogens. J. Dairy Sci. 88, 3488–3495 (2005).
Pitkälä, A., Haveri, M., Pyörälä, S., Myllys, V. & Honkanen-Buzalski, T. Bovine mastitis in Finland 2001- pervalence, distribution of bacteria, and antimicrobial resistance. J. Dairy Sci. 87, 2433–2441 (2004).
Pereira Gonzales, F. & Maisch, T. Photodynamic inactivation for controlling Candida albicans infections. Fungal. Biol. 116, 1–10 (2012).
Foote, C. S. Mechanisms of photosensitized oxidation. There are several different types of photosensitized oxidation which may be important in biological systems. Science. 162, 963–970 (1968).
Foote, C. S. Definition of type I and type II photosensitized oxidation. Photochem. Photobiol. 54, 659 (1991).
Roberts, D. T., Taylor, W. D. & Boyle, J. Guidelines for treatment of onychomycosis. Br. J. Dermatol. 148, 402–410 (2003).
Evans, E. G. The rationale for combination therapy. Br. J. Drmatol. 145, 9–13 (2001).
Sigurgeirsson, B., Paul, C., Curran, D. & Evans, E. G. Prognostic factors of mycological cure following treatment of onychomycosis with oral antifungal agents. Br. J. Dermatol. 147, 1241–1243 (2002).
da Silva Barros, M. E., de Assis Santos, D. & Hamdan, J. S. Evaluation of susceptibility of Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Trichophyton rubrum clinical isolates to antifungal drugs using a modified CLSI microdilution method (M38-A). J. Med. Microbiol. 56, 514–518 (2007).
Santos, D. A., Barros, M. E. & Hamdan, J. S. Establishing a method of inoculum preparation for susceptibility testing of Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton mentagrophytes. J. Clin. Microbiol. 44, 98–101 (2006).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kim, JH., Han, CS., Chun, SN. et al. Photodynamic inactivation of chlorin e6 with halogen light against dermatophytes. Toxicol. Environ. Health Sci. 6, 170–175 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13530-014-0202-0
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13530-014-0202-0