Abstract
The content and purpose of written unit plans in mathematics is an under-researched area. In this article, we provide a brief overview of research on teachers’ planning processes and the place of mental and written plans. We report on data from a questionnaire completed by 357 teachers from Victorian Catholic primary schools, where we focused on possible elements of written unit plans for primary mathematics, and the relative importance which teachers attributed to these elements. We then discuss 48 written unit plans which were provided to us by primary schools from which the 357 teachers were drawn. There was considerable variation in the length, intended teaching time, and level of specification of key ideas in these plans. We discuss this variation, and some discrepancies between the ratings of teachers of the importance of certain elements and their presence in the plans we examined. We also suggest potentially productive areas of future enquiry.
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
The Peopling Education Policy project is funded by the Australian Research Council (LP110100062) with additional funding provided by the NSW Department of Education and Training, Victorian Curriculum and Assessment Authority, Catholic Education Office Melbourne, and the Australian Curriculum Assessment and Reporting Authority. The project is a collaboration between Monash University, Australian Catholic University, University of Melbourne, University of Newcastle, University of Sydney, and University of Technology Sydney. The content is the responsibility of the authors and the views expressed do not necessarily represent the views of the universities or the research partners.
References
Askew, M., Brown, M., Rhodes, V., Johnson, D., & Wiliam, D. (1997). Effective teachers of numeracy: final report. London: King’s College.
Australian Institute of Teaching and School Leadership. (2011). National professional standards for teachers. Melbourne: Education Services Australia.
Ball, D. L., & Cohen, D. K. (1996). Reform by the book: what is—or might be—the role of curriculum materials in teacher learning and instructional reform? Educational Researcher, 25(9), 6–8, 14.
Barr, R. (1988). Conditions influencing content taught in nine fourth-grade mathematics classrooms. The Elementary School Journal, 88(4), 387–411.
Black, P., & Wiliam, D. (1998). Inside the black box: raising standards through classroom assessment. Phi Delta Kappan, 80(2), 139–148.
Bonner, E. P. (2014). Investigating practices of highly successful mathematics teachers of traditionally underserved students. Educational Studies in Mathematics, 86, 377–399.
Brady, L. (1982). Curriculum models and curriculum commonplaces. Journal of Curriculum Studies, 14(2), 197–204.
Brady, L. (1992). Curriculum development (4th ed.). Sydney: Prentice Hall.
Brown, D. S. (1988). Twelve middle-school teachers’ planning. The Elementary School Journal, 89(1), 69–87.
Clarke, D. M., Clarke, D. J., & Sullivan, P. (2012). Reasoning in the Australian curriculum: understanding its meaning and using the relevant language. Australian Primary Mathematics Classroom, 17(3), 28–32.
Davis, E. A., & Krajcik, J. S. (2005). Designing educative curriculum materials to promote teacher learning. Educational Researcher, 34(3), 3–14.
Fan, L., Wong, N.-Y., Cai, J., & Li, S. (Eds.). (2004). How Chinese learn mathematics: perspectives from insiders. River Edge: World Scientific.
Fernandez, C., & Cannon, J. (2005). What Japanese and U.S. teachers think about when constructing mathematics lessons: a preliminary investigation. The Elementary School Journal, 105(5), 481–498.
Floden, R. E., Porter, A. C., Schmidt, W. H., Freeman, D. J., & Schwille, J. R. (1981). Responses to curriculum pressures: a policy-capturing study of teacher decisions about content. Journal of Educational Psychology, 73(2), 129–141.
Gehrke, N. K., Knapp, M. S., & Sirotnik, K. A. (1992). In search of school curriculum. Review of Research in Education, 18, 51–110.
Gilbert, M., & Gilbert, B. (2013). Connecting teacher learning to curriculum. In A. M. Lindmeier & A. Heinze (Eds.), Mathematics learning across the life span (Proceedings of the 37th conference of the International Group for the Psychology of Mathematics Education, Vol. 2, pp. 337–344). Kiel, Germany: PME.
Hattie, J. (2009). Visible learning: a synthesis of over 800 meta-analyses relating to achievement. London: Routledge.
Hattie, J. (2012). Visible learning for teachers: maximizing impact on learning. London: Routledge.
Huang, R., & Bao, J. (2006). Towards a model for teacher professional development in China: introducing Keli. Journal of Mathematics Teacher Education, 9(3), 279–298.
Isoda, M., Stephens, M., Ohara, Y., & Miyakawa, T. (2007). Japanese lesson study: its impact, diversity and potential for educational improvement. Singapore: World Scientific.
John, P. D. (2006). Lesson planning and the student teacher: rethinking the dominant model. Journal of Curriculum Studies, 38(4), 483–498.
McCutcheon, G. (1980). How do elementary school teachers plan? The nature of planning and influences on it. The Elementary School Journal, 81(1), 4–23.
McDonough, A., & Clarke, D. M. (2003). Describing the practice of effective teachers of mathematics in the early years. In N. A. Pateman, B. J. Dougherty, & J. T. Zilliox (Eds.), Proceedings of the 2003 joints meeting of the International Group for the Psychology of Mathematics Education and the Psychology of Mathematics Education Group North America (Vol. 3, pp. 261–268). Hawaii: University of Hawaii.
Mutton, T., Hagger, H., & Burn, K. (2011). Learning to plan, planning to learn: the developing expertise of beginning teachers. Teachers and Teaching: Theory and Practice, 17(4), 399–416.
Peterson, P. L., Marx, R. W., & Clark, C. M. (1978). Teacher planning, teacher behavior, and student achievement. American Educational Research Journal, 15(3), 417–432.
Reys, B. J., Reys, R. E., & Rubenstein, R. (2010). Mathematics curriculum: issues, trends, and future directions (72nd yearbook of the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics). Reston: NCTM.
Robitaille, D. F., Schmidt, W. H., Raizen, S., McKnight, C., Britton, E., & Nicol, C. (1993). Curriculum frameworks for mathematics and science (TIMSS Monograph No. 1). Vancouver: Pacific International Press.
Shavelson, R. J. (1983). Review of research on teachers’ pedagogical judgments, plans and decisions. The Elementary School Journal, 83(4), 392–413.
Shulman, L. (1987). Knowledge and teaching: foundations of the new reform. Harvard Educational Review, 57(1), 1–22.
Stein, M. K., Smith, M. S., Henningsen, M. A., & Silver, E. A. (2009). Implementing standards-based mathematics instruction (2nd ed.). New York: Teachers College Press and National Council of Teachers of Mathematics.
Steketee, C., & McNaught, K. (2007). The complexities for new graduates planning mathematics based on student need. In J. Watson & K. Beswick (Eds.), Mathematics: Essential research, essential practice (Proceedings of the 30th annual conference of the Mathematics Education Research Group of Australasia, Vol. 2, pp. 671–677). Adelaide: MERGA.
Sullivan, P. (2011). Teaching mathematics: using research-informed strategies. Australian Education Review 59. Camberwell: Australian Council for Educational Research.
Sullivan, P., Clarke, D. M., Albright, J., Clarke, D. J., Farrell, L., Freebody, P., … Michels, D. (2012a). Teachers' planning processes: Seeking insights from Australian Teachers. Australian Primary Mathematics Classroom, 17(3), 4–8.
Sullivan, P., Clarke, D. J., & Clarke, D. M. (2012b). Teacher decisions about planning and assessment in primary mathematics. Australian Primary Mathematics Classroom, 17(3), 20–23.
Sullivan, P., Clarke, D., Clarke, D., Gould, P., Leigh-Lancaster, D., & Lewis, G. (2012c). Insights into ways that teachers plan their mathematics teaching. In J. Dindyal, L. P. Cheng, & S. F. Ng (Eds.), Mathematics education: expanding horizons (Proceedings of the 35th Annual Conference of the Mathematics Education Research Group of Australasia, pp. 696–703). Singapore: MERGA.
Sullivan, P., Clarke, D. J., Clarke, D. M., Farrell, L., & Gerrard, J. (2013a). Processes and priorities in planning mathematics teaching. Mathematics Education Research Journal, 25(4), 457–480.
Sullivan, P., Clarke, D., Clarke, D., & Roche, A. (2013b). Teachers’ decisions about mathematics tasks when planning lessons. In V. Steinle, L. Ball, & C. Bardini (Eds.), Mathematics education: yesterday, today and tomorrow (Proceedings of the 36th annual conference of the Mathematics Education Research Group of Australasia, pp. 626–633). Melbourne: MERGA.
Superfine, A. (2008). Planning for mathematics instruction: a model of experienced teachers′ planning processes in context of a reform mathematics curriculum. The Mathematics Educator, 18(2), 11–22.
Toomey, R. (1977). Teachers’ approaches to curriculum planning. Curriculum Inquiry, 7(2), 121–129.
Tyler, R. W. (1949). Basic principles of curriculum and instruction. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Walker, D. F., & Schaffarzick, J. (1974). Comparing curricula. Review of Educational Research, 44(1), 83–111.
Wiggins, G., & McTighe, J. (2005). Understanding by design. Alexandria: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development.
Yinger, R. J. (1979). Routines in teacher planning. Theory Into Practice, 18(3), 163–169.
Yinger, R. J. (1980). A study of teacher planning. The Elementary School Journal, 80(3), 107–127.
Zahorik, J. A. (1970). The effect of planning on teaching. The Elementary School Journal, 71(3), 143–151.
Zahorik, J. A. (1975). Teachers’ planning models. Educational Leadership, 33(2), 134–139.
Acknowledgments
We gratefully acknowledge the work of Pam Hammond on the analysis of the written unit plans in this study.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
About this article
Cite this article
Roche, A., Clarke, D.M., Clarke, D.J. et al. Primary teachers’ written unit plans in mathematics and their perceptions of essential elements of these. Math Ed Res J 26, 853–870 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13394-014-0130-y
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13394-014-0130-y