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La conduction intracardiaque

Partie 1. Physiopathologie et blocs de conduction supranodaux

Intracardiac conduction

Part 1. Pathophysiology and supranodal conduction blocks

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Annales françaises de médecine d'urgence

Résumé

Le cœur possède un réseau de cellules spécialisées dans l’automatisme et la conduction pour coordonner efficacement les cellules contractiles. C’est un système complexe, à l’origine de nombreux symptômes en cas de dysfonctionnement. Ces symptômes varient d’une simple fatigabilité à la mort subite, en passant par l’insuffisance cardiaque, des malaises ou syncopes. Le traitement et le pronostic varient selon le siège du bloc, son caractère incomplet ou complet, transitoire ou permanent, son facteur déclenchant et, bien sûr, le terrain sur lequel il survient. Dans cette première partie, nous décrirons la physiologie de la conduction intracardiaque, puis la dysfonction sinusale, les blocs sinoauriculaires et les blocs interatriaux. Ces anomalies de conduction/automatisme sont responsables d’insuffisance cardiaque chronotrope (« bradycardie inappropriée »), du syndrome bradycardie-tachycardie (« maladie rythmique de l’oreillette ») et de nombreuses syncopes rythmiques (pauses, voire « paralysie sinusale »). Le pronostic vital est rarement en jeu en urgence. Néanmoins, il faudra rechercher des causes aiguës et réversibles comme l’hyperkaliémie, les effets secondaires de nombreux médicaments cardiotropes et l’ischémie myocardique. Si le traitement spécifique de la cause et l’administration d’atropine et/ou isoprénaline ne sont pas efficaces, un entraînement électrosystolique transcutané transitoire et/ou un stimulateur cardiaque définitif est (sont) indiqué(s) dans les formes symptomatiques.

Abstract

The heart has a network of specialized cells for both automatic initiation of, and conduction to, the contractile cells. This complex system can malfunction in a variety of ways. These symptoms vary from simple fatigue to sudden death through cardiac failure, dizziness or syncope. The treatment and prognosis depend on the location of the block, its incompleteness or completeness, transient or permanent, its trigger and, of course, the patient on whom it occurs. In this first part we describe the physiology of intracardiac conduction, sinus dysfunction, sino-atrial block and interatrial block. These abnormalities of automatic initiation and conduction are responsible for chronotropic heart failure (“inappropriate bradycardia”), the bradycardia-tachycardia syndrome (“sick sinus syndrome”) and many bradycardic syncopes (long pauses or “sinus arrest”). The short-term outcome is usually good. However, one will seek for reversible acute causes as hyperkalaemia, side effects of many cardiovascular drugs and myocardial ischaemia. If the specific treatment of the cause and atropine or isoprenaline are not effective, then transcutaneous transient pacing or a pacemaker is/are indicated in symptomatic forms.

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Correspondence to P. Taboulet.

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Taboulet, P. La conduction intracardiaque. Ann. Fr. Med. Urgence 4, 295–302 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13341-014-0424-4

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13341-014-0424-4

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