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RETRACTED ARTICLE: Diagnostic investigations of canine prostatitis incidence together with benign prostate hyperplasia, prostate malignancies, and biochemical recurrence in high-risk prostate cancer as a model for human study

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Tumor Biology

This article was retracted on 08 November 2016

Abstract

The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of acute and chronic inflammation, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), and cancer of the prostate glands in the canine as a human model in prostate disorders. The study was carried out on 12 cases of different male dogs of terrier (50 %), German shepherd (25 %) breeds, and Greden (25 %), and the age of the dogs ranged from 6 to 13 years (average age 7.8 ± 3.6). The bodyweight ranged from 3.6 to 7.9 kg. Signalment, clinical signs, and diagnostic tools such as ultrasonography, urinary cytology, and histopathology are presented. Dysuria was the most common clinical sign in this study and occurred in 10/12 canine (83.3 %) included. Other clinical signs included lameness (5/12 canine, 41.6 %) and constipation (3/12 canine, 25 %). The range of duration of clinical signs was 5 days to 7 months. Moreover, in the present study, the urinary biochemical markers of different prostate lesions include blood, protein, and glucose and were detected in 11/12 cases (91.6 %), 5/12 cases (41.6 %), and 2/12 cases (16.6 %), respectively. Taken together, sonographic data were classified into four groups based on histological diagnosis. In 7/12 cases (58.4 %), the prostate appeared to have BPH lesions, and the remaining lesions included inflammation (3/12 cases, 25 %), abscess (1 case, 8.3 %), and adenocarcinoma (1 case, 8/3 %) on ultrasound. In all cases, prostate tissue had an irregular echotexture. None of the dogs had sonographic evidence of sublumbar lymph node enlargement. Histopathologically, we looked at the prevalence of inflammation (33.3 % chronic and 8.3% acute) and BPH (58.4 %) in dogs of different ages and breeds, and also, we observed chronic inflammation in >20 % of dogs, which was about 25 % in 3 cases of the 12 cases referred. More chronic inflammation was associated with more BPH. The majority of the asymptomatic inflammation that is detected in the prostate is classified as chronic inflammation (i.e., as evidenced by the presence of monocytic and/or lymphoplasmacytic inflammatory cell infiltrates); however, acute inflammation is also observed to a lesser degree. Acute inflammation, as is typically evidenced by the infiltration of neutrophils, is classically an indicator of an infectious process. Finally, the patients included seven castrated, four castrated together with antibiotic therapy, and one castrated together with chemotherapy intact male dogs, which were treated with the mentioned cases. In conclusion, chronic prostatic inflammation could be a central mechanism in BPH progression, but the pathological features of tissue inflammation were different between BPH and prostate cancer (PCa). Nevertheless, the histological examination of prostate biopsies remains the only way to diagnose prostatic disorders.

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Acknowledgments

The authors thank Dr Javad Javanbakht for his help with this manuscript.

Conflicts of interest

None

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran

    Radmehr Shafiee

  2. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran

    Alireza Shariat & Soheil Khalili

  3. Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran

    Hamed Zamankhan Malayeri

  4. Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran

    Aram Mokarizadeh

  5. Department of Veterinary, College of Agriculture, Abhar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Abhar, Iran

    Ali Anissian

  6. Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran

    Mohammad Reza Hafezi Ahmadi

  7. Faculty of Para Veterinary Medicine, Ilam University, Ilam, Iran

    Ehsan Hosseini

  8. Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran

    Mostafa Naderafif & Siamak Mohsenzadeh

  9. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran

    Mohammad Hosein Rasoulian & Reza Rezapour

  10. Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Science, Damghan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damghan, Iran

    Maryam Pourzaer

Authors
  1. Radmehr Shafiee
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  2. Alireza Shariat
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  5. Aram Mokarizadeh
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  6. Ali Anissian
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  7. Mohammad Reza Hafezi Ahmadi
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  8. Ehsan Hosseini
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  9. Mostafa Naderafif
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  10. Siamak Mohsenzadeh
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  11. Mohammad Hosein Rasoulian
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Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Ali Anissian or Mohammad Reza Hafezi Ahmadi.

Additional information

This article has been retracted at the request of the Editor-in-Chief, the International Society of Oncology and BioMarkers (ISOBM) and the Publisher per the Committee on Publication Ethics guidelines. The article shows evidence of irregularities in authorship during the submission process, there is strong reason to believe that the peer review process was compromised and the article contains patchwork plagiarism from a variety of sources.

The main sources are (amongst others): Bruce E. LeRoya, icole Northrup, Prostate cancer in dogs: Comparative and clinical aspects. The Veterinary Journal. 2009; 180:2 149-162 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2008.07.012

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As such the validity of the content of this article cannot be verified.

An erratum to this article is available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13277-016-5475-2.

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Shafiee, R., Shariat, A., Khalili, S. et al. RETRACTED ARTICLE: Diagnostic investigations of canine prostatitis incidence together with benign prostate hyperplasia, prostate malignancies, and biochemical recurrence in high-risk prostate cancer as a model for human study. Tumor Biol. 36, 2437–2445 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13277-014-2854-4

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13277-014-2854-4

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