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The Australasian species of Lactarius subgenus Gerardii (Russulales)

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Abstract

This paper provides an overview and identification key of the Australasian species of Lactarius subg. Gerardii. A molecular phylogeny based on the nuc DNA markers ITS, LSU and rpb2, combined with detailed morphological observations resulted in the delimitation of 12 strongly supported and morphologically recognizable species. Five new agaricoid species are described here: Lactarius hora, L. coniculus, L. limbatus, L. leae and L. leonardii. Other agaricoid species belonging to subg. Gerardii are L. atrovelutinus, L. bicolor, L. ochrogalactus and L. reticulatovenosus. Lactarius venosus is also considered as a member but could not be included in the molecular analysis. Two new pleurotoid species are discovered: L. genevievae and L. conchatulus, both close relatives of L. uyedae, but each with distinct characters. Their position within subg. Gerardii is supported in the phylogeny and by their microscopic characters. This study also confirms the existence of multiple cryptic species and species complexes for which species recognition or species delimitation remains problematic as is the case for the Australian species L. wirrabara. In general, detailed macroscopic and microscopic observations are needed to identify species of L. subg. Gerardii.

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Acknowledgements

We are grateful to following persons for their help during fieldwork: Ruben Walleyn, Samantha Karunarathna, Phongeun Sysouphanthong, Ruilin Zhao, Nopparat Wannathes, Nilam Wulandari, Thida Win Ko Ko, Dennis Desjardin, Else Vellinga, Jean Weber and Khadijah Rambe. We are indebted to Dr. Saisamorn Lumyong of Chiang Mai University (Thailand) to provide a Material Transfer Agreement and we thank Dr. Kevin Hyde for arranging our stay at the Mushroom Research Centre. For allowing research in Malaysia we are grateful to the Economic Planning Unit and to Dr. Lee Su See. We would like to thank Ursula Eberhardt for valuable advice on the molecular work. The Malaysian expedition was funded by the Foundation of Scientific Research-Flanders (FWO-Vlaanderen). We thank the King Leopold III Foundation for financial support for the expedition in Sri Lanka. This paper would not have been possible without many herbaria and people providing specimens: Kanad Das (BSD), Dennis Desjardin (SFSU), Lee Su See (KEP), Roy Watling (E), David P. Lewis, Eiji Nagasawa (TMI), Roy Halling (NY), Christen Mortensen, Gregory Mueller (CHIC), Leticia Montoya, Josephine Milne (MEL) and Kew Herbarium (K). We also thank Genevieve Gates and Patrick Leonard for providing specimens, photographs and helpful discussions. Dirk Stubbe was funded by a scholarship of the Institute for the Promotion of Innovation through Science and Technology (IWT-Vlaanderen). A PEET-grant of the National Science Foundation (USA) (DEB-0118776) to Prof. Dennis Desjardin and a scholarship of the Chiang Mai University made it possible for Huyen Than Le to conduct her research in Thailand. Xiang-Hua Wang was funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC 30970020, 30300002).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biology, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000, Ghent, Belgium

    Dirk Stubbe

  2. Section Mycology and Aerobiology, Scientific Institute of Public Health, Juliette Wytmanstraat 14, 1050, Brussels, Belgium

    Dirk Stubbe

  3. Faculty of Environment, Hanoi University of Natural Resources and Environment, 41A Street K1, Cau Dien, Tu Liem, Hanoi, Vietnam

    Huyen Than Le

  4. Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanhei Road 132#, Kunming, 650204, People’s Republic of China

    Xiang-Hua Wang

  5. Research Group Mycology, Department of Biology, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000, Ghent, Belgium

    Jorinde Nuytinck, Kobeke Van de Putte & Annemieke Verbeken

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  1. Dirk Stubbe
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  6. Annemieke Verbeken
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Correspondence to Dirk Stubbe.

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Stubbe, D., Le, H.T., Wang, XH. et al. The Australasian species of Lactarius subgenus Gerardii (Russulales). Fungal Diversity 52, 141–167 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-011-0111-3

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