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Clay minerals from rock salt of Salt Range Formation (Late Neoproterozoic–Early Cambrian, Pakistan)

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Abstract

The clay minerals of Late Neoproterozoic–Early Cambrian rock salt of Salt Range Formation of Pakistan have been studied by means of X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and dispersive X-ray spectrometry, complex thermal and chemical analyses. The clay minerals association of pelitic fraction of water-insoluble residue of these deposits consists of corrensite, chlorite and illite with the admixture of unordered mixed-layered chlorite–corrensite and chlorite–smectite; in some samples, the admixture of smectite occurs. The expandable layers in corrensite are determined as smectite. In studied samples the chlorite, corrensite and mixed-layered species are presented by trioctahedral Mg-rich type and illite is dioctahedral and enriched by Fe; this association of clay minerals is typical for evaporite deposits. Transformation of clay minerals proceeded under the impact of several factors of different direction and intensity. In evaporite basin, the elevated salinity of brines reinforces the processes of clay minerals structure ordering causing disappearance of mixed-layered minerals and thus decreasing the number of clay mineral species; in the brines originated from SO4-rich seawater, the clay mineral associations are richer comparing to Ca-rich brines. Local factors—volcanic ash input, elevated content of organic matter slow down the transformation processes thus also increasing the number of clay mineral species. We explain the unexpectedly rich clay mineral association (as for the halite stage of evaporation) in studied rocks by the strong effect of local factors.

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Acknowledgments

This research is supported by Major State Basic Research Development Program (973 Program, No 2011CB403007) and National Natural Science Foundation of China (No 40703018; 41173051; 41172131).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Geology and Geochemistry of Combustible Minerals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 3a Naukova St., 79060, Lviv, Ukraine

    Iaroslava Iaremchuk, Sophiya Hryniv & Serhiy Vovnyuk

  2. Department of Petroleum and Gas Engineering, Baluchistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences, Quetta, Pakistan

    Mohammad Tariq

  3. Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kehua Street Road 511#, Guangzhou, China

    Fanwei Meng

  4. State Key Laboratory for Paleobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Paleontology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing East Road 39#, Nanjing, China

    Fanwei Meng

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  1. Iaroslava Iaremchuk
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  2. Mohammad Tariq
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  4. Serhiy Vovnyuk
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  5. Fanwei Meng
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Correspondence to Sophiya Hryniv.

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Iaremchuk, I., Tariq, M., Hryniv, S. et al. Clay minerals from rock salt of Salt Range Formation (Late Neoproterozoic–Early Cambrian, Pakistan). Carbonates Evaporites 32, 63–74 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13146-016-0294-5

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