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Gut microbiota: a key player in health and disease. A review focused on obesity

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Abstract

Gut microbiota, its evolutive dynamics and influence on host through its protective, trophic and metabolic actions, has a key role in health and opens unique opportunities for the identification of new markers of the physiopathological state of each individual. Alterations in gut microbiota composition have been associated with plenty disorders. Of interest, the vast number of studies demonstrates the role of microbiota in obesity, a serious public health problem that has reached epidemic proportions in many developed and middle-income countries. The economic and health costs of this condition and its comorbidities such as fatty liver, insulin resistance/diabetes, or cardiovascular events are considerable. Therefore, every strategy designed to reduce obesity would imply important savings. Targeting microbiota, in order to restore/modulate the microbiota composition with antibiotics, probiotics, prebiotics, or even fecal transplants, is considered as a promising strategy for the development of new solutions for the treatment of obesity. However, there is still lot to do in this field in order to identify the exact composition of microbiota in “health” and the specific mechanisms that regulate the host-microbiotal crosstalk. In addition, it is important to note that changes not only in the gut microbiota profile (abundance) but also in its metabolism and functions need to be taken into account in the context of contribution in the physiopathology of obesity and related disorders.

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Abbreviations

2-AG:

2-Arachidonoylglycerol

ACC:

Acetyl-CoA carboxylase

AMP:

Adenosine monophosphate

AMPK:

Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase

AOX :

Alternative oxidase

AP-1:

Activator protein 1

BMI:

Body mass index

CB1R/CB2R:

Cannabinoid receptor 1/2

Ccl2 :

Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2

CD14:

CD14 molecule

Cd36 :

CD36 molecule (thrombospondin receptor)

Cd68 :

CD68 molecule

CFU:

Colony-forming unit

ChREBP:

Carbohydrate response element-binding protein

Cpt1 :

Carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1

eCB:

Endocannabinoid system

FAAH:

Fatty acid amide hydrolase

Ffar2 :

Free fatty acid receptor 2

FIAF:

Fasting-induced adipocyte factor

FMT:

Fecal transplantation

Gαi/Gαo/Gαq:

Guanine nucleotide-binding protein (G protein), alpha subunit i/o/q

GLP-1/2:

Glucagon-like peptide 1/2

GPRs:

G-protein-coupled receptors

HDL:

High-density lipoprotein

HFD:

High-fat diet

HMP:

Human Microbiome Project

IL-18:

Interleukin 18

IL-1β:

Interleukin 1β

LPL:

Lipoprotein lipase

LPS:

Lipopolysaccharide

MD2:

Myeloid differentiation protein-2

MetaHIT:

Metagenomics of the Human Intestinal Tract

MyD88:

Myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88

NAFLD:

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

NF-κB:

Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells

NLRs:

Nuclear oligodimerization receptors

NOD1/2:

Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 1/2

PGC-1:

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1 alpha

Ppara :

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha

PYY:

Peptide YY

SCFA:

Short chain fatty acids

SREBP-1:

Sterol response element-binding protein type-1

TG:

Triglyceride

Th17 cell:

T helper 17 cell

TLRs:

Toll-like receptors

TMAO:

Trimethylamine N-oxide

Tregs:

Regulatory T cells

WHO:

World Health Organization

ZO-1:

Zonula occludens protein-1

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Acknowledgments

This study was supported by Ref-Bio (POLYFrEsNOL project) and by Fundación Rioja Salud, Spain. MJ Villanueva-Millán was supported by a predoctoral grant from Consejería de Industria, Innovación y Empleo (La Rioja Government).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. HIV and Associated Metabolic Alterations Unit, Infectious Diseases Department, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), Piqueras 98, 26006, Logroño, La Rioja, Spain

    M. J. Villanueva-Millán, P. Pérez-Matute & J. A. Oteo

  2. Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital San Pedro, Piqueras 98, 26006, Logroño, La Rioja, Spain

    J. A. Oteo

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  1. M. J. Villanueva-Millán
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  2. P. Pérez-Matute
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  3. J. A. Oteo
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Correspondence to P. Pérez-Matute.

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Villanueva-Millán, M.J., Pérez-Matute, P. & Oteo, J.A. Gut microbiota: a key player in health and disease. A review focused on obesity. J Physiol Biochem 71, 509–525 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13105-015-0390-3

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13105-015-0390-3

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