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N-Adamantyl-4-Methylthiazol-2-Amine Attenuates Glutamate-Induced Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in the Brain

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Abstract

In this study, we explored the possible mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective and anti-oxidative effects of N-adamantyl-4-methylthiazol-2-amine (KHG26693) against in vivo glutamate-induced toxicity in the rat cerebral cortex. Our results showed that pretreatment with KHG26693 significantly attenuated glutamate-induced elevation of lipid peroxidation, tumor necrosis factor-α, interferon gamma, IFN-γ, interleukin-1β, nitric oxide, reactive oxygen species, NADPH oxidase, caspase-3, calpain activity, and Bax. Furthermore, KHG26693 pretreatment attenuated key antioxidant parameters such as levels of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione, and glutathione reductase. KHG26693 also attenuated the protein levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase, neuronal nitric oxide synthase, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, heme oxygenase-1, and glutamate cysteine ligase catalytic subunit caused by glutamate toxicity. Finally, KHG26693 mitigated glutamate-induced changes in mitochondrial ATP level and cytochrome oxidase c. Thus, KHG26693 functions as neuroprotective and anti-oxidative agent against glutamate-induced toxicity through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities in rat brain at least in part.

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Abbreviations

BAX:

Bcl-2 associated X protein

CAT:

Catalase

DCF-DA:

2′,7′-Dichlorofluorescin diacetate

DMSO:

Dimethyl sulfoxide

GCLC:

Glutamate cysteine ligase catalytic subunit

GSH:

Reduced glutathione

GR:

Glutathione reductase

HO-1:

Heme oxygenase-1

IFN-γ:

Interferon-γ

IL-1β:

Interleukin-1β

iNOS:

Inducible nitric oxide synthase

MDA:

Malonyldialdehyde

NO:

Nitric oxide

nNOS:

Neuronal nitric oxide synthase

NOX:

NADPH oxidase

Nrf2:

Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2

PBS:

Phosphate-buffered saline

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

SDS:

Sodium dodecyl sulfate

SOD:

Superoxide dismutase

TNF-α:

Tumor necrosis factor-α

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Acknowledgements

This study was supported by the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education (2015R1D1A1A09056947 and 2015R1D1A3A01015793) and by a Student Research Grant from the University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.

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  1. Min-Jun Chang

    Present address: Sema High School, 559-17, Sumokwon-Ro, Osan-si, Kyeonggi-do, 18107, South Korea

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Konyang University, Daejeon, 35365, South Korea

    Seung-Ju Yang & Eun-A Kim

  2. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88, Olympic-ro 43-Gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, South Korea

    Min-Jun Chang, Jiae Kim, Jung-Min Na & Sung-Woo Cho

  3. Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, 24252, South Korea

    Soo Young Choi

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All the experimental procedures involving animals were reviewed and approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, which abides by the Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources guidelines.

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Seung-Ju Yang and Eun-A Kim contributed equally to this article.

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Yang, SJ., Kim, EA., Chang, MJ. et al. N-Adamantyl-4-Methylthiazol-2-Amine Attenuates Glutamate-Induced Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in the Brain. Neurotox Res 32, 107–120 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12640-017-9717-x

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