Abstract
The spectra of x-ray diffraction (XRD) and infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) shows that the dunes sand of Ouargla’s region consists naturally of crystalline structures of α-quartz and gypsum, as well as other uncrystallized compounds with low concentrations like kaolinite and hematite, in addition to some organic compounds. The sand heating process at temperatures between 200 and 1200 °C affects its composition. By heating at 200 °C crystalline phases of anhydrite and bassanite appear due to the continuing loss of water from the gypsum. All the gypsum transforms into anhydrite, and the kaolinite transforms into metakaolin because of the breaking of the OH bond, producing water vapor by heating in the range of 400–800 °C. The heating at 1000 °C disassembles the kaolinite into aluminium-silicon and cristobalite, and leads to the emergence of a new crystalline phase related to wollastonite resulting from the start of a reaction between the anhydride and the quartz. Heating at 1200 °C leads to the disappearance of all the anhydrite because of its interaction with the quartz, producing the wollastonite and the release of sulfur dioxide SO2 and oxygen O2, in addition to the increase of the cristobalite proportion because of the disintegration of all the kaolinite into mullite and cristobalite, or the transformation of quartz phase into cristobalite. Also occuring is an interaction between the hematite and the quartz producing the ferrosilite characterized by its green color.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Mechri ML, Chihi S (2012) Study of the atomic composition of the sand dunes of Ouargla region by XRF spectroscopy, SEM, EDX and ANN. Ann Sci Technol 4(2):69–79
Guettala S, Mezghiche B, Mellas M (2010) Adding finely crushed dune sand to cement on the evolution of hydration of pasta Portland cement. Asian J Civ Eng (building and housing) 11(2):241–251
Taha B, Nounu G (2008) Properties of concrete contains mixed colour waste recycled glass as sand and cement replacement. Constr Build Mater 22(5):713–720
Schei A, Tuset JK, Tveit H (1998) Production of high silicon alloys. Tapir Forlag, Trondheim. ISBN: 82-519-1317-9
Lalitha S, Karazhanov SZh, Ravindran P, Senthilarasu S, Sathyamoorthy R, Janabergenov J (2007) Electronic structure, structural and optical properties of thermally evaporated CdTe thin films. Physica B 387:227–238
Dzik J, Lisinxka-czekaj A, Zarycka A, Czekaj D (2013) Study of phase and chemical composition of Bi1 −xNdxFeO3 powders derived by pressure less sintering. Arch Metall Mater 58(4):1371–1376
Yamamoto H, Kennedy GC (1969) Stability relation in the system CaSO4-H2O at high temperatures and pressure. Am J Sci Schairer 267-A:550–557
Matsuya S, Yamaned M (1981) Decomposition of gypsum bonded investments. J Dent Res 60(8):1418–1423
Kusiorowski R, Zaremba T, Piotrowski J, Gerle A (2013) Thermal decomposition of asbestos-containing materials. J Therm Anal Calorim 113(1):179–188
Wahl FM, Grim RE, Graf RB (1961) Phase transformation in silica as examined by continuous x-ray diffraction. Am Mineral 46:196–208
Anbalagan G, Prabakaran AR, Gunasekaran S (2010) Spectroscopic characterization of Indian standard sand. J Appl Spectrosc 77(1):86–94
Gnanasaravanan S, Rajkumar P (2013) Characterization of minerals in natural and manufactured sandin Cauvery River belt, Tamilnadu, India. Infrared Phys Technol 58:21–31
Sivakumar S, Ravisankar R, Chandrasekaran A, Prince J, Jebakumar P (2013) FT-IR spectroscopic studies on coastal sediment samples form Nagapattinumdistrict, Tamilnadu, India. Int Res J Pure Appl Chem 3(4):366–376
Estep A, Kovach JJ, Karr C Jr (1967) Quantitative infrared multicomponent analysis of minerals occurring in coal. Am Chem Soc, Div Fuel Chem Prepr (US) 11:171–184
Boulmokh A, Berredjem Y, Guerfi K, Gheid A (2007) Kaolin from djebel debbagh mine, Guelma. Algeria Res J Appl Sci 2(4):435–440
Senthil Kumar R, Rajkumar P (2013) Characterization of minerals in air dust particles in the state of Tamilnadu, India through ftir spectroscopy. Atmos Chem Phys Discuss 13:22221–22248
Leskeviciene V, Nizeviciciene D (2010) Anhydrite binder calcined form phosphogypsum. Ceramics – Silikáty 54(2):152–159
Sharma YC, Gupta GS, Prasad G, Rupainwar DC (1990) Use of wollastonite in the removal of Ni(II) from aqueous solutions. Water Air Soil Pollut 49(1–2):69–79
Yi Z-L, Sun H-H, Li C, Sun Y-M, Li Y (2010) Relationship between polymerization degree and cementitious activity of iron ore tailings. Int J Miner Metall Mater 17(1):16–20
De Aza AH, Turrillas X, Rodriguez MA, Duran T, Pena P (2014) Time-resolved powder neutron diffraction study of the phase transformation sequence of kaolinite to mullite. J Eur Ceram Soc 34(5):1409–1421
Cao X, Prozorov R, Koltypin Y, Kataby G, Felner I, Gedanken A (1997) Synthesis of pure amorphous Fe2O3. J Mater Res 12(2):402–406
Plešingerová B, Súčik G, Fabián M (2011) Surface area change of kaolin causing. Acta Metall Slovaca 17(3):169–176
Salem MM (2014) Properties and characterization of HDTMA- Cl modified jordanian kaolinite and its use in removal of aniline from aqueous solution. Int J Sci Res 3(10):74–78
Demelza H-J (1997) Thermal expansion of MgSiO3 and FeSiO3 ortho- and clinopyroxenes. Am Mineral 82:689–696
Introduction to Mineralogy, William D. Nesse, 2000. Introduction to Optical Mineralogy, William D. Nesse, 1991. Minerals in Thin Section, Dexter Perkins and Kevin R. Henke.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Mechri, M.L., Chihi, S., Mahdadi, N. et al. Study of Heat Effect on the Composition of Dunes Sand of Ouargla (Algeria) Using XRD and FTIR. Silicon 9, 933–941 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12633-015-9368-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12633-015-9368-6