Abstract
Purpose of Review
Post-breast surgery pain syndrome (PBSPS) is a clinical diagnosis referring to chronic pain following breast cancer surgery. PBSPS affects approximately 25 to 60% of women who undergo breast surgery and can have a substantial impact on quality of life and overall functional ability. We aim to describe and analyze the latest findings in the medical literature regarding clinical patients, preventive efforts, and current and novel treatment techniques of PBSPS.
Recent Findings
Early and multidisciplinary interventions, including pharmacologic, interventional, physical, and psychological therapies, have demonstrated promising results in alleviating PBSPS symptoms. Timely and appropriate diagnosis with a tailored treatment plan is crucial for minimizing the impact of PBSPS and promoting optimal recovery in affected individuals.
Summary
As society becomes increasingly aware of the impact of PBSPS in the lives of breast cancer survivors, there is a compelling need for further research seeking to enhance patients’ overall well-being and quality of life.
Similar content being viewed by others
Availability of Data and Material
Data sharing is not applicable to this article as no new data were created or analyzed in this study.
Code Availability
Not applicable.
References
Papers of particular interest, published recently, have been highlighted as: • Of importance •• Of major importance
Wilkinson L, Gathani T. Understanding breast cancer as a global health concern. Br J Radiol. 2022;95(1130):20211033. https://doi.org/10.1259/bjr.20211033.
Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2017. CA Cancer J Clin. 2017;67(1):7–30. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21387.
Breast cancer facts and statistics. Breastcancer.org. 2023. https://www.breastcancer.org/facts-statistics. Accessed 27 May 2023.
Gartner R, Jensen MB, Nielsen J, Ewertz M, Kroman N, Kehlet H. Prevalence of and factors associated with persistent pain following breast cancer surgery. JAMA. 2009;302(18):1985–92. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2009.1568.
Macdonald L, Bruce J, Scott NW, Smith WC, Chambers WA. Long-term follow-up of breast cancer survivors with post-mastectomy pain syndrome. Br J Cancer. 2005;92(2):225–30. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjc.6602304.
Vilholm OJ, Cold S, Rasmussen L, Sindrup SH. The postmastectomy pain syndrome: an epidemiological study on the prevalence of chronic pain after surgery for breast cancer. Br J Cancer. 2008;99(4):604–10. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjc.6604534.
Wisotzky E, Hanrahan N, Lione TP, Maltser S. Deconstructing postmastectomy syndrome: implications for physiatric management. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am. 2017;28(1):153–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmr.2016.09.003.
Cheville AL, Tchou J. Barriers to rehabilitation following surgery for primary breast cancer. J Surg Oncol. 2007;95(5):409–18. https://doi.org/10.1002/jso.20782.
Rosario-Concepcion RA, Almodovar-Frau D, Carter J. Post-mastectomy pain syndrome (PMPS): rehabilitation management and treatments. PM&R KnowledgeNow. 2023. https://now.aapmr.org/post-mastectomy-pain-syndrome-pmps/#rehabilitation-management-and-treatments. Accessed 2023 June 8 2023.
Nesvold IL, Dahl AA, Lokkevik E, Marit Mengshoel A, Fossa SD. Arm and shoulder morbidity in breast cancer patients after breast-conserving therapy versus mastectomy. Acta Oncol. 2008;47(5):835–42. https://doi.org/10.1080/02841860801961257.
Smith WC, Bourne D, Squair J, Phillips DO, Chambers WA. A retrospective cohort study of post mastectomy pain syndrome. Pain. 1999;83(1):91–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0304-3959(99)00076-7.
Mejdahl MK, Andersen KG, Gartner R, Kroman N, Kehlet H. Persistent pain and sensory disturbances after treatment for breast cancer: six year nationwide follow-up study. BMJ. 2013;346:f1865. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.f1865.
Lauridsen MC, Overgaard M, Overgaard J, Hessov IB, Cristiansen P. Shoulder disability and late symptoms following surgery for early breast cancer. Acta Oncol. 2008;47(4):569–75. https://doi.org/10.1080/02841860801986627.
Merchant CR, Chapman T, Kilbreath SL, Refshauge KM, Krupa K. Decreased muscle strength following management of breast cancer. Disabil Rehabil. 2008;30(15):1098–105. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638280701478512.
Capuco A, Urits I, Orhurhu V, Chun R, Shukla B, Burke M, Kaye RJ, Garcia AJ, Kaye AD, Viswanath O. A comprehensive review of the diagnosis, treatment, and management of postmastectomy pain syndrome. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2020;24(8):41. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11916-020-00876-6.
Chappell AG, Bai J, Yuksel S, Ellis MF. Post-mastectomy pain syndrome: defining perioperative etiologies to guide new methods of prevention for plastic surgeons. World J Plast Surg. 2020;9(3):247–53. https://doi.org/10.29252/wjps.9.3.247.
Blunt C, Schmiedel A. Some cases of severe post-mastectomy pain syndrome may be caused by an axillary haematoma. Pain. 2004;108(3):294–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2003.12.011.
Couceiro TC, Valenca MM, Raposo MC, Orange FA, Amorim MM. Prevalence of post-mastectomy pain syndrome and associated risk factors: a cross-sectional cohort study. Pain Manag Nurs. 2014;15(4):731–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmn.2013.07.011.
Larsson IM, Ahm Sorensen J, Bille C. The post-mastectomy pain syndrome-a systematic review of the treatment modalities. Breast J. 2017;23(3):338–43. https://doi.org/10.1111/tbj.12739.
•• Chang PJ, Asher A, Smith SR. A targeted approach to post-mastectomy pain and persistent pain following breast cancer treatment. Cancers (Basel). 2021;13(20). https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13205191. This review article describes the multiple and overlapping causes of PBSPS which can present similarly to one another, often making it difficult to differentiate between each of them. It emphasizes the importance of effectively addressing the exact source of the pain to provide more specific treatment approaches tailored to each identified source.
Curatolo M. Regional anesthesia in pain management. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2016;29(5):614–9. https://doi.org/10.1097/ACO.0000000000000353.
Ramesh, Shukla NK, Bhatnagar S. Phantom breast syndrome. Indian J Palliat Care. 2009;15(2):103-7. https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-1075.58453.
Tilley A, Thomas-Maclean R, Kwan W. Lymphatic cording or axillary web syndrome after breast cancer surgery. Can J Surg. 2009;52(4):E105–6.
Tait RC, Zoberi K, Ferguson M, Levenhagen K, Luebbert RA, Rowland K, Salsich GB, Herndon C. Persistent post-mastectomy pain: risk factors and current approaches to treatment. J Pain. 2018;19(12):1367–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpain.2018.06.002.
De Groef A, Van Kampen M, Dieltjens E, Christiaens MR, Neven P, Geraerts I, Devoogdt N. Effectiveness of postoperative physical therapy for upper-limb impairments after breast cancer treatment: a systematic review. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2015;96(6):1140–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2015.01.006.
de Rezende LF, Franco RL, de Rezende MF, Beletti PO, Morais SS, Gurgel MS. Two exercise schemes in postoperative breast cancer: comparison of effects on shoulder movement and lymphatic disturbance. Tumori. 2006;92(1):55–61. https://doi.org/10.1177/030089160609200109.
Cramer H, Lauche R, Paul A, Langhorst J, Kummel S, Dobos GJ. Hypnosis in breast cancer care: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Integr Cancer Ther. 2015;14(1):5–15. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534735414550035.
Harris SR, Schmitz KH, Campbell KL, McNeely ML. Clinical practice guidelines for breast cancer rehabilitation: syntheses of guideline recommendations and qualitative appraisals. Cancer. 2012;118(8 Suppl):2312–24. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.27461.
Beurskens CH, van Uden CJ, Strobbe LJ, Oostendorp RA, Wobbes T. The efficacy of physiotherapy upon shoulder function following axillary dissection in breast cancer, a randomized controlled study. BMC Cancer. 2007;7:166. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2407-7-166.
Reyad RM, Omran AF, Abbas DN, Kamel MA, Shaker EH, Tharwat J, Reyad EM, Hashem T. The possible preventive role of pregabalin in postmastectomy pain syndrome: a double-blinded randomized controlled trial. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2019;57(1):1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2018.10.496.
Amr YM, Yousef AA. Evaluation of efficacy of the perioperative administration of Venlafaxine or gabapentin on acute and chronic postmastectomy pain. Clin J Pain. 2010;26(5):381–5. https://doi.org/10.1097/AJP.0b013e3181cb406e.
Becker C, Pham DN, Assouad J, Badia A, Foucault C, Riquet M. Postmastectomy neuropathic pain: results of microsurgical lymph nodes transplantation. Breast. 2008;17(5):472–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.breast.2007.12.007.
Caviggioli F, Maione L, Forcellini D, Klinger F, Klinger M. Autologous fat graft in postmastectomy pain syndrome. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2011;128(2):349–52. https://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0b013e31821e70e7.
Wong L. Intercostal neuromas: a treatable cause of postoperative breast surgery pain. Ann Plast Surg. 2001;46(5):481–4. https://doi.org/10.1097/00000637-200105000-00004.
• Calapai M, Esposito E, Puzzo L, Vecchio DA, Blandino R, Bova G, Quattrone D, Mannucci C, Ammendolia I, Mondello C, Gangemi S, Calapai G, Cardia L. Post-mastectomy pain: an updated overview on risk factors, predictors, and markers. Life (Basel). 2021;11(10). https://doi.org/10.3390/life11101026. This review article describes different risk factors, predictors, and biomarkers for identification of PBSPS. Patients whose symptoms are refractory to postsurgical analgesic treatment have been found to have worse outcomes. The scientific literature described in this article supports the use of preventive and perioperative interventional nerve blocks with regional anesthesia, which leads to improved postsurgical pain.
Lovett-Carter D, Kendall MC, McCormick ZL, Suh EI, Cohen AD, De Oliveira GS. Pectoral nerve blocks and postoperative pain outcomes after mastectomy: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1136/rapm-2019-100658.
Gong Y, Tan Q, Qin Q, Wei C. Prevalence of postmastectomy pain syndrome and associated risk factors: a large single-institution cohort study. Medicine (Baltimore). 2020;99(20):e19834. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000019834.
Acknowledgements
The Scientific Publications staff at Mayo Clinic provided copyediting, proofreading, administrative, and clerical support.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
DAAF and JTC contributed to collection of data and drafting of the manuscript. RARC contributed to conception and design and drafting and critical revision of the manuscript. All authors approved the final manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethics Approval
Not applicable
Consent to Participate
Not applicable
Consent for Publication
Not applicable
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Almodovar-Frau, D.A., Carter, J.T. & Rosario-Concepcion, R.A. Post-breast Surgery Pain Syndrome. Curr Breast Cancer Rep 16, 220–226 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12609-024-00547-0
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12609-024-00547-0