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Morphology of the forelimb of Psilopterus bachmanni (Aves, Cariamiformes) (Early Miocene of Patagonia)

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Abstract

Psilopterines are the smallest and most gracile predatory birds belonging to the large terrestrial Phorusrhacidae, which were abundant during the South American Tertiary. Two taxa are recognized from the Santacrucian (late Early Miocene) beds of Argentinian Patagonia: Psilopterus lemoinei and Psilopterus bachmanni. Although the first species was recently redescribed and is well known, in the case of P. bachmanni, the smaller of the two, the forelimb skeleton was virtually unknown until recently. The fossils described herein come from the coast of Santa Cruz Province, and were recovered from the middle levels of the Estancia La Costa Member, Santa Cruz Formation. The specimen includes associated bones of both forelimbs and a fragmentary furcula. The manus of this species, previously unknown, is described here for the first time: the os carpi ulnare and radiale are very stout bones, the carpometacarpus has processi extensorius and alularis very marked and stout and the os metacarpale majus and phalanges digiti majoris are very robust, and the phalanx digiti minoris is flattened. It has been proposed that some species belonging to Psilopterus were able to fly in a clumsy manner. While this work is not intended to certify this condition through complex models, some considerations of the paleobiology of P. bachmanni based on manus movement capabilities and body mass are presented. It seems plausible that P. bachmanni would have had both cursorial and flying capabilities. The information provided here represents an effort to discuss features previously unknown in phorusrhacids and to provide new data that may be useful in future systematic, morpho-functional and evolutionary studies.

Kurzfassung

Phorusrhacidae des taxons Psilopterinae sind die kleinsten und grazilsten Raubvögel der großen terrestrisch lebenden Familie Phorusrhacidae, die im Tertiär von Südamerika sehr häufig war. Zwei Taxa aus dem späten Unter-Miozän (Santacrucium) von Patagonien (Argentinien) sind bekannt: Psilopterus lemoinei und Psilopterus bachmanni. Beide wurden ursprünglich sehr oberflächlich beschrieben. Während die erstere Art erst kürzlich neu beschrieben wurde, war das Skelett der Vordergliedmaßen von P. bachmanni bisher praktisch unbekannt. Die Fossilien, die in dieser Arbeit beschrieben werden, stammen aus der Lokalität Puesto Estancia La Costa (=Corriguen Aike), die in der Santa Cruz Provinz liegt. Sie stammen aus den mittleren Schichten der Estancia La Costa Member, Santa Cruz Formation. Das Exemplar besteht aus assoziierten Knochen beider Vordergliedmaßen und einem Fragment der Furcula. Die Hand dieser Art war bisher unbekannt und wird hier im Rahmen dieser Arbeit das erste Mal beschrieben: Ulnare und Radiale sind beide sehr kräftige Knochen, der Carpometacarpus hat kräftige und markante Processi extensorius et alularis. Das Metacarpale majus und die Phalanges digiti majoris sind sehr robust, die Phalanx digiti minoris ist abgeflacht. Frühere Arbeiten gingen davon aus, dass einige Arten der Gattung Psilopterus auf eine schwerfällige Art fliegen konnten. Diese Arbeit kann diese Annahme nicht bestätigen, aber einige neue Annahmen zur Paläobiologie von P. bachmanni präsentieren, die auf den Fähigkeiten der Handbewegungen und der Körpermasse basieren. Es scheint plausibel, dass P. bachmanni sowohl Merkmale eines Laufvogels als auch für Flugfähigkeit in sich vereint. Diese neuen Erkenntnisse ermöglichen es einige Merkmale, die vorher unbekannt für die Phorusrhacidae waren, neu zu bewerten, und liefern neue Daten für zukünftige systematische, funktionsmorphologische und evolutionäre Studien.

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Acknowledgments

We thank Sandra Chapman for photographs of the materials from BMNH, and we thank Jim Holstein (FMNH), Carl Mehling (AMNH), Christopher Norris and Dan Brinkman (YPMPU) for access to collections under their care. The first author thanks Claudia P. Tambussi for her constant support and advice. We also thank Heike Mewis for her assistance with German language editing. This study was supported in part by FONCYT-PICT grant 32617 and PICT 2007-392. This is a contribution to the grants PICT 26219, 0143 to Sergio Vizcaíno and NSF 0851272, 0824546 to Richard Kay.

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Correspondence to Federico J. Degrange.

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Degrange, F.J., Noriega, J.I. & Vizcaíno, S.F. Morphology of the forelimb of Psilopterus bachmanni (Aves, Cariamiformes) (Early Miocene of Patagonia). Paläontol Z 89, 1087–1096 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12542-015-0269-1

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