Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Empathie, de hoeksteen voor effectieve persoonsgerichte zorg

  • Published:
Bijblijven

Samenvatting

De kwaliteit van de arts-patiëntrelatie heeft direct invloed op gezondheidszorguitkomsten bij patiënten. Empathie, het vermogen om je in te leven in de wereld van de patiënt en daar op een therapeutische manier mee omgaan, speelt hierin een belangrijke rol. Empathie kunnen we onderverdelen in affectieve en cognitieve empathie. Deze twee vormen van empathie resulteren in empathisch gedrag. Empathie lijkt af te nemen gedurende de medische opleiding. Gericht onderwijs kan empathische vermogens echter weer aanwakkeren en in stand houden. Neuropeptiden, spiegelneuronen en verschillende met elkaar verbonden hersengebieden lijken een rol te spelen bij empathie. Door empathie zijn patiënten meer tevreden over de geleverde zorg en ze zijn trouwer in het opvolgen van adviezen. Ook lijkt empathie effectief op klinische parameters. Kortom, empathie maakt je een betere dokter.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Figuur 1

Literatuur

  1. Stewart M. Reflections on the doctor-patient relationship: from evidence and experience. Br J Gen Pract. 2005;55(519):793–801.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Wampold BE. The great psychotherapy debate. Models, methods, and findings. London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; 2001:263.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Os TW van, Brink RH van den, Tiemens BG, Jenner JA, Meer K van der, Ormel J. Communicative skills of general practitioners augment the effectiveness of guideline-based depression treatment. J Affect Disord. 2005;84(1):43–51.

  4. Kaptchuk TJ, Kelley JM, Conboy LA, Davis RB, Kerr CE, Jacobson EE, et al. Components of placebo effect: randomised controlled trial in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. BMJ. 2008;336(7651):999–1003.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Lewis JR. Patient views on quality care in general practice: literature review. Soc Sci Med. 1994;39(5):655–70.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Mercer SW, Reynolds WJ. Empathy and quality of care. Br J Gen Pract. 2002;52(Suppl):S9–12.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Derksen F, Bensing J, Lagro-Janssen A. Effectiveness of empathy in general practice: a systematic review. Br J Gen Pract. 2013;63(606):e76–84.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Shapiro J. How do physicians teach empathy in the primary care setting? Acad Med. 2002;77(4):323–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Suchman AL, Markakis K, Beckman HB, Frankel R. A model of empathic communication in the medical interview. JAMA. 1997;277(8):678–82.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Norfolk T, Birdi K, Walsh D. The role of empathy in establishing rapport in the consultation: a new model. Med Educ. 2007;41(7):690–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. olde Hartman TC, Ravesteijn HJ van. ‘Well doctor, it is all about how life is lived’: cues as a tool in the medical consultation. Ment Health Fam Med. 2008;5:183–7.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Heath I. ‘Uncertain clarity’: contradiction, meaning, and hope. Br J Gen Pract. 1999;49:651–7.

    PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  13. Neumann M, Bensing J, Mercer S, Ernstmann N, Ommen O, Pfaff H. Analyzing the ‘nature’ and ‘specific effectiveness’ of clinical empathy: a theoretical overview and contribution towards a theory-based research agenda. Patient Educ Couns. 2009;74(3):339–46.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Ridd M, Shaw A, Lewis G, Salisbury C. The patient-doctor relationship: a synthesis of the qualitative literature on patients’ perspectives. Br J Gen Pract. 2009;59(561):e116–33.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Eveleigh RM, Muskens E, Ravesteijn H van, Dijk I van, Rijswijk E van, Lucassen P. An overview of 19 instruments assessing the doctor-patient relationship: different models or concepts are used. J Clin Epidemiol. 2012;65(1):10–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Hojat M, Gonnella JS, Nasca TJ, Mangione S, Vergare M, Magee M. Physician empathy: definition, components, measurement, and relationship to gender and specialty. Am J Psychiatry 2002;159(9):1563–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Mercer SW, Maxwell M, Heaney D, Watt GC. The consultation and relational empathy (CARE) measure: development and preliminary validation and reliability of an empathy-based consultation process measure. Fam Pract. 2004;21(6):699–705.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Thiel J van, Kraan HF, Vleuten CP van der. Reliability and feasibility of measuring medical interviewing skills: the revised Maastricht History-Taking and Advice Checklist. Med Educ. 1991;25(3):224–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Roter D, Larson S. The Roter interaction analysis system (RIAS): utility and flexibility for analysis of medical interactions. Patient Educ Couns. 2002;46(4):243–51.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Krasner MS, Epstein RM, Beckman H, Suchman AL, Chapman B, Mooney CJ, et al. Association of an educational program in mindful communication with burnout, empathy, and attitudes among primary care physicians. JAMA. 2009;302(12):1284–93.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Hojat M, Mangione S, Nasca TJ, Rattner S, Erdmann JB, Gonnella JS, et al. An empirical study of decline in empathy in medical school. Med Educ. 2004;38(9):934–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Mangione S, Kane GC, Caruso JW, Gonnella JS, Nasca TJ, Hojat M. Assessment of empathy in different years of internal medicine training. Med Teach. 2002;24(4):370–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Hojat M, Vergare MJ, Maxwell K, Brainard G, Herrine SK, Isenberg GA, et al. The devil is in the third year: a longitudinal study of erosion of empathy in medical school. Acad Med. 2009;84(9):1182–91.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Colliver JA, Conlee MJ, Verhulst SJ, Dorsey JK. Reports of the decline of empathy during medical education are greatly exaggerated: a reexamination of the research. Acad Med. 2010;85(4):588–93.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Butalid L, Bensing JM, Verhaak PF. Talking about psychosocial problems: an observational study on changes in doctor-patient communication in general practice between 1977 and 2008. Patient Educ Couns. 2014;94(3):314–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Hojat M, Axelrod D, Spandorfer J, Mangione S. Enhancing and sustaining empathy in medical students. Med Teach. 2013;35(12):996–1001.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Riess H, Kelley JM, Bailey RW, Dunn EJ, Phillips M. Empathy training for resident physicians: a randomized controlled trial of a neuroscience-informed curriculum. J Gen Intern Med. 2012;27(10):1280–6.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Vanaerschot G, Nicolai N. Empathie. Het geheime wapen van psychiaters en psychotherapeuten. Leusden: Diagnosis Uitgevers; 2015:256.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Krznaric R. Empathie. Een revolutionair boek. Utrecht: Uitgeverij Ten Have; 2014.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Iacoboni M, Molnar-Szakacs I, Gallese V, Buccino G, Mazziotta JC, Rizzolatti G. Grasping the intentions of others with one’s own mirror neuron system. PLoS Biol. 2005;3(3):e79.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Riess H. Biomarkers in the psychotherapeutic relationship: the role of physiology, neurobiology, and biological correlates of E.M.P.A.T.H.Y.. Harv Rev Psychiatry 2011;19(3):162–74.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Critchley HD, Mathias CJ, Josephs O, O’Doherty J, Zanini S, Dewar BK, et al. Human cingulate cortex and autonomic control: converging neuroimaging and clinical evidence. Brain 2003;126(Pt 10):2139–52.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Morrison I, Peelen MV, Downing PE. The sight of others’ pain modulates motor processing in human cingulate cortex. Cereb Cortex 2007;17(9):2214–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Singer T, Seymour B, O’Doherty J, Kaube H, Dolan RJ, Frith CD. Empathy for pain involves the affective but not sensory components of pain. Science 2004;303(5661):1157–62.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Hojat M, Louis DZ, Markham FW, Wender R, Rabinowitz C, Gonnella JS. Physicians’ empathy and clinical outcomes for diabetic patients. Acad Med. 2011;86(3):359–64.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Del Canale S, Louis DZ, Maio V, Wang X, Rossi G, Hojat M, et al. The relationship between physician empathy and disease complications: an empirical study of primary care physicians and their diabetic patients in Parma, Italy. Acad Med. 2012;87(9):1243–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Rakel DP, Hoeft TJ, Barrett BP, Chewning BA, Craig BM, Niu M. Practitioner empathy and the duration of the common cold. Fam Med. 2009;41(7):494–501.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Lamothe M, Boujut E, Zenasni F, Sultan S. To be or not to be empathic: the combined role of empathic concern and perspective taking in understanding burnout in general practice. BMC Fam Pract. 2014;15:15.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. afdeling Eerstelijnsgeneeskunde, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, Nederland

    Tim C. olde Hartman &  Frans A.W.M. Derksen

  2. afdeling Interne geneeskunde, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, Nederland

    Jan W. Smit

Authors
  1. Tim C. olde Hartman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Frans A.W.M. Derksen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Jan W. Smit
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Tim C. olde Hartman.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

olde Hartman, T., Derksen, F. & Smit, J. Empathie, de hoeksteen voor effectieve persoonsgerichte zorg. Bijblijven 31, 632–641 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12414-015-0076-3

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12414-015-0076-3

Search

Navigation