Abstract
There are several statistical methodologies presented for separating anomalous values from background leading to determination of anomalous areas. These methods range from simple approaches to complicated ones and include nonstructural and structural methods, subtraction separation method and so on. Structural methods take the sampling locations and their spatial relation into account for estimating the anomalous areas. The U-statistic method is one of the most important structural methods. It considers the location of samples and carries out the statistical analysis of the data without judging from a geochemical point of view and tries to separate subpopulations and also to determine anomalous areas. In the present study, several nonstructural methods including assessment of threshold based on median and standard deviation, median absolute deviation (MAD) and P.N product are used and U-statistic is considered as structural method to assess prospective areas of Parkam district. Results show that MAD method reduced background well and P.N method increased correlation of points. However, U-statistic method plays the role of both mentioned advantages meaning in addition to reducing outlier data effect, it regularizes anomalous values and also their dispersion is reduced significantly. It is possible to determine anomaly areas according to anomalous samples positioning so that denser areas are more important. Finally, lithogeochemical map of study area is provided for lead and zinc.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aggarwal, C.C., 2013, An Introduction to Outlier Analysis. Springer, New York, 446 p.
Berberian, M. and King, G.C.P., 1981, Towards a paleogeography and tectonic evolution of Iran. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 18, 210–265.
Cheng, Q., 1999, Spatial and scaling modelling for geochemical anomaly separation. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 65, 175–194.
Gent, M., Menendez, M., Toraño, J., and Torno, S., 2011, A review of indicator minerals and sample processing methods for geochemical exploration. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 110, 47–60.
Ghannadpour, S.S., 2013, Geochemical studies of porphyry copper ore deposit of Parkam. M.Sc. Thesis, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, 200 p.
Ghannadpour, S.S., Hezarkhani, A., and Eshqi, H., 2013b, Average and variance estimation programming in normal logarithmic distribution. Global Journal of Computer Science, 2, 7–13.
Ghannadpour, S.S. and Hezarkhani, A., 2013c, Developed software to calculate the additive constant number of average in threevariable normal logarithm. Global Journal of Computer Science, 2, 14–20.
Ghannadpour, S.S., Hezarkhani, A., and Farahbakhsh, E., 2013a, An investigation of Pb geochemical behavior respect to those of Fe and Zn based on k-Means clustering method. Journal of Tethys, 1, 291–302.
Ghannadpour, S.S., Hezarkhani, A., and Sabetmobarhan, A., 2013, Some statistical analyses of Cu and Mo variates and geological interpretations for Parkam porphyry copper system, Kerman, Iran. Arabian Journal of Geosciences. 10.1007/s12517-013-1096-x
Ghavami-Riabi, R., Seyedrahimi-Niaraq, M.M., Khalokakaie, R., and Hazareh, M.R., 2010, U-spatial statistic data modeled on a probability diagram for investigation of mineralization phases and exploration of shear zone gold deposits. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 104, 27–33.
Ghorashizadeh, M., 1978, Development of hypogene and supergene alteration and copper mineralization patterns, Sarcheshmeh porphyry copper deposit, Iran. M.Sc. thesis, Brock University, Canada, 223 p.
Giné, E. and Mason, D.M., 2007, On local U-statistic processes and the estimation of densities of functions of several sample variables. The Annals of Statistics, 35, 1105–1145.
Hassanzadeh, J., 1993, Metallogenic and tectono-magmatic events in SE sector of the Cenozoic active continental margin of Central Iran (Shahr-Babak, Kerman province). Ph.D. Thesis, University of California, Los Angeles, 201 p.
Hawkes, H.E. and Webb, J.S., 1962, Geochemistry in Mineral Exploration. Harper & Row, New York, 415 p.
Hezarkhani, A., 2006a, Mineralogy and fluid inclusion investigations in the Reagan porphyry system, Iran, the path to an uneconomic porphyry copper deposit. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 27, 598–612.
Hezarkhani, A., 2006b, Petrology of the intrusive rocks within the Sungun porphyry copper deposit, Azerbaijan, Iran. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 27, 326–340.
Hezarkhani, A. and Williams-Jones, A.E., 1998, Controls of alteration and mineralization in the Sungun porphyry copper deposit, Iran: Evidence from fluid inclusion and stable isotopes. Economic Geology, 93, 651–670.
Jébrak, M., 2006, Economic geology: then and now. Geoscience Canada, 33, 81–93.
McInnes, B.I.A., Evans, N.J., Fu, F.Q., and Garwin, S., 2005, Application of thermo chronology to hydrothermal ore deposits. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, 58, 467–498.
Mohammadi-Laghab, H., Taghipour, N., and Iranmanesh, M.R., 2012, Dispersion pattern of Cu, Mo and Pb, Zn and Fe in Sarah (Parkam) porphyry copper deposit, Shahr-e Babak, Kerman province, Iran. Iranian Journal of Geology, 5, 17–28.
Müller, U.U., Schick, A., and Wefelmeyer, W., 2003, Estimating the error variance in nonparametric regression by a covariatematched U-statistic. Journal of Theoretical and Applied Statistics, 37, 179–188.
Peck, R. and Devore, J., 2011, Statistics: The Exploration and Analysis of Data. Cengage Learning, Andover, 816 p.
Samani, B., 1998, Distribution, setting and metallogenesis of copper deposits in Iran. Proceedings of conference on porphyry and hydrothermal copper and gold deposits: a global Perspective, Perth, Nov. 30–Dec. 1, p. 135–158.
Shahabpour, J., 2000, Behavior of Cu and Mo in the Sarcheshmeh porphyry Cu deposit, Kerman, Iran. Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum Bulletin, 93, 44–51
Sinclair, A.J., 1991, A fundamental approach to threshold estimation in exploration geochemistry: probability plots revisited. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 41, 1–22.
Singer, D.A., Berger, V.I., and Moring, B.C., 2008, Porphyry copper deposit in the world: Database, map and grade and tonnage models. USGS Open-file Report, 2008–1060, US Geological Survey, Denver.
Taghipour, N., Aftabi, A., and Mathur, R., 2008, Geology and Re-Os geochronology of mineralization of the Miduk porphyry copper deposit, Iran. Resource Geology, 58, 143–160.
Tangestani, M.H. and Moore, F., 2001, Porphyry copper potential mapping using the weights-of-evidence model in a GIS, northern Shahr-e-Babak, Iran. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, 48, 695–701.
Vila, T. and Sillitoe, R.H., 1991, Gold-rich porphyry systems in the Maricunga belt, northern Chile. Economic Geology, 86, 1238–1260.
Xu, L., Bi, X., Hu, R., Zhang, X., and Su, W., 2012, Relationships between porphyry Cu-Mo mineralization in the Jinshajiang-Red River metallogenic belt and tectonic activity: Constraints from zircon U-Pb and molybdenite Re-Os geochronology. Ore Geology Reviews, 48, 460–473.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ghannadpour, S.S., Hezarkhani, A., Maghsoudi, A. et al. Assessment of prospective areas for providing the geochemical anomaly maps of lead and zinc in Parkam district, Kerman, Iran. Geosci J 19, 431–440 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12303-014-0064-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12303-014-0064-0