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Power Management Strategy for the 48 V Mild Hybrid Electric Vehicle Based on the Charge-Sustaining Control

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Abstract

To enhance the 48 V mild hybrid electric vehicle performance using a smaller capacity and lower voltage battery than the full hybrid electric vehicle, a novel power management strategy needs to be established that considers the characteristics and limitations of the components. This paper proposes a charge-sustaining control strategy as a ground principle of the 48 V hybrid electric vehicle control for managing the battery state-of-charge (SOC) to stay near the most efficient regime. The base efficiency characteristics of the component models including engine, motor/generator, and battery are determined in the form of efficiency maps using the powertrain analysis tool. Then the control strategy is formulated as a nonlinear optimal regulation problem that meets two conflicting control objectives, such as fuel efficiency improvement and state-of-charge maintenance. The optimal regulation problem implements a discrete-time Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman approach. The proposed strategy is evaluated by comparing with the reference strategy applying the Dynamic Programming (DP), i.e. a global optimal result, under urban dynamometer driving schedule and worldwide harmonized light duty test cycle. Through the evaluation, the fuel efficiency of the proposed strategy with three different electrical loads is slightly deteriorated at most by 5.03 % from the DP results with staying within a desirable SOC. This suggests that the proposed strategy is operating very closely to global optimal performances.

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Abbreviations

BSFC:

engine, brake specific fuel consumption, g/kWh

f bat,int.c :

battery, function for internal charge resistance

f bat,int.d :

battery, function for internal discharge resistance

f bat,oc :

battery, function for open circuit voltage

f eng,fuel :

engine, function for fuel efficiency

f mge :

M/G, function for electric power efficiency

f mgm :

M/G, function for mechanical power efficiency

H(·):

Hamiltonian function

I bat,int,c :

battery, internal charge current, A

I bat,int,d :

battery, internal discharge current, A

I bat,t :

battery, internal temperature, A

J(·):

cost function

m′fuel :

engine, fuel consumption rate, kg/sec

n bat,cell :

battery, the number of cell

p :

lyapunov coefficient

P bat12 :

battery, power 12 V, W

P bat48 :

battery, power 48 V, W

P bat,max :

battery, maximum power, W

P dc12 :

DC/DC converter, outlet power (12 V power-net), W

P dc48 :

DC/DC converter, inlet power (48 V power-net), W

P dt :

drivetrain, power, W

P el :

electric loads, consumed power, W

P el12 :

electric loads, consumed power (12 V power-net), W

P el48 :

electric loads, consumed power (48 V power-net), W

P eng :

engine, power, W

P ma :

mechanical accessary, power, W

P mg :

M/G, power, W

P mgm :

M/G, mechanical power, W

P mge :

M/G, electrical power, W

Q bat :

battery, cell capacity, Ah

R bat,int,c :

battery, internal charge resistance, Ω

R bat,int,d :

battery, internal discharge resistance, Ω

SOC :

SOC

SOC 0 :

battery, SOC initial value

SOC e :

battery, SOC error between current and target SOC

SOC init :

battery, initial SOC

SOC tgt :

battery target SOC

T s :

calculation interval, sec

t bat,int :

battery, internal temperature, °C

u τ :

control input = τmg,dmd / τdrv,dmd

V(·):

value function in Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equation

V bat,oc :

battery, open circuit voltage, V

V bat,t :

battery, internal temperature, V

V dc :

DC/DC converter target voltage, V

V veh :

vehicle speed, km/h

ηbat,c :

battery, charge efficiency, %

ηbat,d :

battery, discharge efficiency, %

τdrv,dmd :

driver, torque demand, Nm

τeng :

engine, torque, Nm

τeng,dmd :

engine, torque demand, Nm

τeng,max :

engine, maximum permissible torque, Nm

τeng,min :

engine, minimum permissible torque, Nm

τmg :

M/G, torque, Nm

τmg,dmd :

M/G, torque demand, Nm

τmg,max :

M/G, maximum permissible torque, Nm

τmg,min :

M/G, minimum permissible torque, Nm

ωeng :

engine, rotational speed, rad/s

ωmg :

M/G, rotational speed, rad/s

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. VC Green Controller SW Team, LG Electronics Inc., 322 Gyeongmyeong-daero, Seo-gu, Incheon, 22744, Korea

    Jeongwon Sohn

  2. Department of Automotive Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Korea

    Myoungho Sunwoo, Kyunghan Min & Jaewook Shin

  3. Department of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Keimyung University, Daegu, 42601, Korea

    Manbae Han

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  1. Jeongwon Sohn
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  2. Myoungho Sunwoo
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Correspondence to Manbae Han.

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Sohn, J., Sunwoo, M., Min, K. et al. Power Management Strategy for the 48 V Mild Hybrid Electric Vehicle Based on the Charge-Sustaining Control. Int.J Automot. Technol. 20, 37–49 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12239-019-0004-0

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12239-019-0004-0

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