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Optimization of Gear Ratio of In-Wheel Motor Vehicle Considering Probabilistic Driver Model

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Abstract

A reduction gear of an in-wheel motor vehicle is mounted between a traction motor and wheel, to increase the wheel torque and decrease the rotational speed. To improve the energy efficiency of a vehicle, the determination of the optimal gear ratio is an important factor in the design of the reduction gear. This paper presents an optimization procedure to obtain the optimal gear ratio of an in-wheel motor vehicle that minimizes the electric energy consumption. Using a model-based design, a dynamic simulation model of a vehicle was developed for an analysis of the energy efficiency. Owing to a variation in energy efficiency across drivers, a probabilistic driver model that includes driver characteristics is employed. To reduce excessive calculations, a surrogate model was constructed for the optimization. The optimal gear ratio for saving energy was obtained, and the usefulness of the proposed optimization procedure was shown through a comparison of the results of the optimal gear ratio and the energy efficiency achieved between deterministic and probabilistic approaches.

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Abbreviations

J eq :

equivalent inertia of vehicle at wheel, kgm2

ω whl :

rotational speed of wheel, rad/s

T mot :

motor torque, Nm

T res :

resistance torque, Nm

r :

gear ratio

m body :

mass of body, kg

J whl :

inertia of wheels, kgm2

J mot :

inertia of motors, kgm2

R tire :

radius of tire, m

V veh :

velocity of vehicle, m/s

μ r :

coefficient of rolling resistance

g :

gravity acceleration, m/s2

C d :

coefficient of air resistance

A fr :

frontal area, m2

ρ air :

air density, kg/m3

T max :

maximum motor torque, Nm

ω mot :

motor speed, rad/s

T regen :

maximum regenerative braking torque, Nm

C brk :

capacity of braking torque, Nm

V bat :

terminal voltage of battery, V

V OCV :

open circuit voltage, V

R in :

internal resistance, ohm

I bat :

load current, A

SOC ini :

initial SOC, %

C nom :

nominal capacity of battery, As

η :

motor efficiency

K :

proportional gain

τ r :

reaction time delay, s

τ n :

neuromuscular lag, s V

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Automotive Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Korea

    Kihan Kwon, Minsik Seo & Seungjae Min

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  1. Kihan Kwon
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  2. Minsik Seo
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  3. Seungjae Min
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Correspondence to Seungjae Min.

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Kwon, K., Seo, M. & Min, S. Optimization of Gear Ratio of In-Wheel Motor Vehicle Considering Probabilistic Driver Model. Int.J Automot. Technol. 19, 1081–1089 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12239-018-0106-0

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12239-018-0106-0

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