Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Multi-decade Responses of a Tidal Creek System to Nutrient Load Reductions: Mattawoman Creek, Maryland USA

  • Published:
Estuaries and Coasts Aims and scope Submit manuscript

    We’re sorry, something doesn't seem to be working properly.

    Please try refreshing the page. If that doesn't work, please contact support so we can address the problem.

Abstract

We developed a synthesis using diverse monitoring and modeling data for Mattawoman Creek, Maryland, USA to examine responses of this tidal freshwater tributary of the Potomac River estuary to a sharp reduction in point-source nutrient loading rate. Oligotrophication of these systems is not well understood; questions concerning recovery pathways, threshold responses, and lag times remain to be clarified and eventually generalized for application to other systems. Prior to load reductions Mattawoman Creek was eutrophic with poor water clarity (Secchi depth <0.5 m), no submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV), and large algal stocks (50–100 μg L−1 chlorophyll-a). A substantial modification to a wastewater treatment plant reduced annual average nitrogen (N) loads from 30 to 12 g N m−2 year−1 and phosphorus (P) loads from 3.7 to 1.6 g P m−2 year−1. Load reductions for both N and P were initiated in 1991 and completed by 1995. There was no trend in diffuse N and P loads between 1985 and 2010. Following nutrient load reduction, NO2 + NO3 and chlorophyll-a decreased and Secchi depth and SAV coverage and density increased with initial response lag times of one, four, three, one, and one year, respectively. A preliminary N budget was developed and indicated the following: diffuse sources currently dominate N inputs, estimates of long-term burial and denitrification were not large enough to balance the budget, sediment recycling of NH4 was the single largest term in the budget, SAV uptake of N from sediments and water provided a modest seasonal-scale N sink, and the creek system acted as an N sink for imported Potomac River nitrogen. Finally, using a comparative approach utilizing data from other shallow, low-salinity Chesapeake Bay ecosystems, strong relationships were found between N loading and algal biomass and between algal biomass and water clarity, two key water quality variables used as indices of restoration in Chesapeake Bay.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abbasi, S.A., P.C. Nipaney, and G.D. Schaumberg. 1990. Bioenergy potential of eight common aquatic weeds. Biological Wastes 34: 359–366.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Allan, J.D. 2004. Landscapes and riverscapes: The influence of land use on stream ecosystems. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 35: 257–284.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bailey, E. 2005. Measurements of nutrient and oxygen fluxes in estuarine and coastal marine sediments: Literature review and data report, Technical Report Series Ref. No. [UMCES]CBL 05–091. University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, Solomons, MD, 36pp. http://www.gonzo.cbl.umces.edu.

  • Bicknell, B.R., J.C. Imhoff, J.L. Kittle Jr., T.H. Jobes, and A.S. Donigian Jr. 2005. Hydrological Simulation Program—FORTRAN. User’s Manual for Release 12.2. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Ecosystem Research Division, Athens, GA, and U.S. Geological Survey, Office of Surface Water, Reston, VA.

  • Borja, A., D.M. Dauer, M. Elliott, and C.A. Simenstad. 2010. Medium- and long-term recovery of estuarine and coastal ecosystems: patterns, rates and restoration effectiveness. Estuaries and Coasts 33: 1249–1260.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boynton, W.R., J.H. Garber, R. Summers, and W.M. Kemp. 1995. Inputs, transformations, and transport of nitrogen and phosphorus in Chesapeake Bay and selected tributaries. Estuaries 18: 285–314.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boynton, W.R., and W.M. Kemp. 2000. Influence of river flow and nutrient loading on selected ecosystem processes and properties in Chesapeake Bay. In Estuarine Science: A synthetic approach to research and practice, ed. J.E. Hobbie, 269–298. Washington, DC: Island Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boynton, W.R. and W.M. Kemp. 2008. Nitrogen in Estuaries. In: Capone, D., D. A. Bronk, M. R. Mulholland and E. J. Carpenter (eds.), Nitrogen in the Marine Environment (Second Edition). Academic Press, p.809-866: 978-0-12-372522-6.

  • Boynton, W.R., J.D. Hagy, J.C. Cornwell, W.M. Kemp, S.M. Greene, M.S. Owens, J.E. Baker, and R.K. Larsen. 2008. Nutrient budgets and management actions in the Patuxent River Estuary, Maryland. Estuaries and Coasts 31(4): 623–651.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boynton, W.R., J.M. Testa and W.M. Kemp. 2009. An Ecological Assessment of the Corsica River Estuary and Watershed Scientific Advice for Future Water Quality Management: Final Report to Maryland Department of Natural Resources. Ref. No. [UMCES]CBL 09–117. [UMCES Technical Series No. TS-587-09-CBL].

  • Boynton, W.R., L.A. Wainger, E.M. Bailey, A.R. Bayard, C.L. Sperling and M.A.C.Ceballos. 2011. Ecosystem Processes Component (EPC). Maryland Chesapeake Bay Water Quality Monitoring Program, Level 1 report No. 28. Jul. 1984–Dec. 2010. Ref. No. [UMCES] CBL 11–024. [UMCES Technical Series No. TS-620-11-CBL].

  • Boynton, W.R., and S.W. Nixon. 2012. Budget Analyses of Estuarine Ecosystems, Chapter 17, pp 443–464. In Estuarine Ecology, ed. John Day et al. New Jersey: Wiley-Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bricker, S. B., C. G. Clement, D. E. Pirhalla, S. P. Orlando, and D. R. G. Farrow. 1999. National Estuarine Eutrophication Assessment: effects of nutrient enrichment in the nation’s estuaries. NOAA, National Ocean Science, Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Silver Spring, MD.

  • Burns, D.A., Lynch, J.A., Cosby, B.J., Fenn, M.E., Baron, J.S., US EPA Clean Air Markets Div. 2011. National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program Report to Congress 2011: An Integrated Assessment, National Science and Technology Council, Washington, DC, 114 p

  • Caffrey, J.M. 2004. Factors controlling net ecosystem metabolism in U. S. estuaries. Estuaries 27(1): 90–101.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carter, V., N.B. Rybicki, J.M. Landwehr, and M. Turtora. 1994. Role of weather and water quality in population dynamics of submersed macrophytes in the tidal Potomac River. Estuaries 17(2): 417–426.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Castro, M.S., C.T. Driscoll, T.E. Jordan, W.G. Reay, and W.R. Boynton. 2003. Sources of nitrogen to estuaries In the United States. Estuaries 26(3): 803–814.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cerco, C.F. and M.R. Noel. 2004. The 2002 Chesapeake Bay Eutrophication Model. EPA 903 04–004. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Chesapeake Bay Program Office, Annapolis, MD.

  • Cerco, C., S.C. Kim, and M.R. Noel. 2010. The 2010 Chesapeake Bay Eutrophication Model. A Report to the US Environmental Protection Agency and to the US Army Corps of Engineer Baltimore District. US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, MD. (also http://www.chesapeakebay.net/content/publications/cbp_26167.pdf).

  • Chesapeake Bay Program. 2011. Point source loading database. US EPA Chesapeake Bay Program, Annapolis, MD (http://www.chesapeakebay.net)

  • Chesapeake Bay Water Quality Monitoring Program. 2012. US EPA Chesapeake Bay Program, Annapolis, MD (http://www.chesapeakebay.net)

  • Cloern, J.E. 2001. Our evolving conceptual model of the coastal eutrophication problem. Marine Ecology Progress Series 210: 223–253.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Conley, D.J., S. Markager, J. Andersen, T. Ellermann, and L.M. Svendsen. 2002. Coastal eutrophication and the Danish National Aquatic Monitoring and Assessment Program. Estuaries 25: 848–861.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Conley, D.J., J. Carstensen, G. Ertebjerg, P.B. Christensen, T. Dalsgaard, J.L.S. Hansen, and A.B. Josefson. 2007. Long-term changes and impacts of hypoxia in Danish coastal waters. Ecological Applications 17(5): S165–S184.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Conley, D.J., J. Carstensen, R. Vaquer-Sunyer, and C.M. Duarte. 2009. Ecosystem thresholds with hypoxia. Hydrobiologia 629: 21–29.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cowan, J.L.W., and W.R. Boynton. 1996. Sediment–water oxygen and nutrient exchanges along the longitudinal axis of Chesapeake Bay: Seasonal patterns, controlling factors and ecological significance. Estuaries 19(3): 562–580.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cronin, W.B. and D.W. Pritchard. 1975. Additional Statistics on the Dimensions of the Chesapeake Bay and its Tributaries: Cross-section Widths and Segment Volumes Per Meter Depth. Special Report 42. Chesapeake Bay Institute, The Johns Hopkins University. Reference 75–3. Baltimore, MD

  • DiToro, D. M. 2001. Sediment Flux Modeling. Wiley-Interscience, NY. 624pp.

  • Duarte, C. M., D. J. Conley, J. Carstensen, and Maria Sanchez-Camacho. 2009. Estuaries and Coasts 32: 29–36.

  • Fisher, D., and M. Oppenheimer. 1991. Atmospheric nitrogen deposition and the Chesapeake Bay estuary. Ambio 20(3): 102–108.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gao, Y., J.C. Cornwell, D.K. Stoecker, and M.S. Owens. 2012. Effects of cyanobacterial-driven pH increases on sediment nutrient fluxes and coupled nitrification-denitrification in a shallow freshwater estuary. Biogeosciences 9: 2697–2710.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Greene, S. 2005a. Tidal freshwater and oligohaline marshes as nutrient sinks in the Patuxent River estuary, Maryland. MS Thesis, University of Maryland, College Park, MD

  • Greene, S. 2005b. Measurements of denitrification in aquatic ecosystems; Literature review and data report. Technical Report Series Ref. No. [UMCES]CBL 05–094. University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Solomons, MD

  • Greening, H., and A. Janicki. 2006. Toward reversal of eutrophic conditions in a subtropical estuary: Water quality and seagrass response to nitrogen reductions in Tampa Bay, Florida. USA. Environ. Mgmt. 38: 163–178.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gruber, R.K., and W.M. Kemp. 2010. Feedback effects in a coastal canopy-forming submersed plant bed. Limnology and Oceanography 55(6): 2285–2298.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hagy, J.D., L.P. Sanford, and W.R. Boynton. 2000. Estimation of net physical transport and hydraulic residence times for a coastal plain estuary using box models. Estuaries 23(3): 328–340.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hagy, J.D., W.R. Boynton, C.W. Keefe, and K.V. Wood. 2004. Hypoxia in Chesapeake Bay, 1950–2001: Long-term change in relation to nutrient loading and river flow. Estuaries 27(4): 634–658.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hodgkins, C.L.S, W.R. Boynton, E.M. Bailey, and M.A.C. Ceballos. 2012. Community Metabolism as an Indicator of Water Quality Impairment and Restoration. Ecosystem Processes Component (EPC). Maryland Chesapeake Bay Water Quality Monitoring Program, Level 1 report No. 29. Jul. 1984–Dec. 2012. Ref. No. [UMCES] CBL 12–020. [UMCES Technical Series No. TS-637-12-CBL].

  • Holland, A.F., D.M. Sanger, C.P. Gawle, S.B. Lerberg, M.S. Santiago, G.H.M. Riekerk, L.E. Zimmerman, and G.I. Scott. 2004. Linkages between tidal creek ecosystems and the landscape and demographic attributes of their wetlands. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 298: 151–178.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Howarth, R. W. and R. Marino. 2006. Nitrogen as the limiting nutrient for eutrophication in coastal marine ecosystems: Evolving views over three decades. Limnol. Oceanogr. 51 (1, part2): 364–376.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jaworski, N. J., W. Romano, C. Buchanan, and C. Jaworski. 2007. The Potomac River Basin and its Estuary: Landscape Loadings and Water Quality Trends, 1895–2005. Potomac Integrative Analysis Online Collection at www.potomacriver.org.

  • Jeppesen, E. and 30 others. 2005. Lake responses to reduced nutrient loading: an analysis of contemporary long-yerm data from 35 case studies. Freshw. Biol. 50: 1747–1771.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johansson, J.O.R. 2002. Historical overview of Tampa Bay water quality and seagrass issues and trends, p. 1–10. In Greening, H.S. (ed.), Proceedings, Seagrass Management, It’s Not Just Nutrients! Symposium held August 22–24, 2000, St. Petersburg, FL. Tampa Bay Estuary Program. 246 p.

  • Kemp, W.M., W.R. Boynton, J.E. Adolf, D.F. Boesch, W.C. Boicourt, G. Brush, J.C. Cornwell, T.R. Fisher, P.M. Glibert, J.D. Hagy, L.W. Harding, E.D. Houde, D.G. Kimmel, W.D. Miller, R.I.E. Newell, M.R. Roman, E.M. Smith, and J.C. Stevenson. 2005. Eutrophication of Chesapeake Bay: historical trends and ecological interactions. Marine Ecology Progress Series 303: 1–29.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kemp, W.M., J.M. Testa, D.J. Conley, D. Gilbert, and J.D. Hagy. 2009. Temporal responses of coastal hypoxia to nutrient loading and physical controls. Biogeosciences 6: 2985–3008.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kemp, W.M., and W.R. Boynton. 2012. Synthesis in estuarine and coastal ecological research: What is it, why is it important, and how do we teach it? Estuaries and Coasts 35(1): 1–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kronvang, B., K. Jeppesen, D.J. Conley, M. Sondergaard, S.E. Larsen, N.B. Ovesen, and J. carstensen. 2005. Nutrient pressures and ecological responses to nutrient loading reductions in Danish streams, lakes and coastal waters. Journal of Hydrology 304: 274–288.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Linker, L.C., G.W. Shenk, P. Wang, and R. Batiuk. 2008. In Chapter 3: Integration of Modeling, Research, and Monitoring in the Chesapeake Bay Program in Management of Water Quality and Irrigation Techniques, ed. Albiac Jose and Dinar Ariel. London, UK: Earthscan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Linker, L.C., G.W. Shenk, R.L. Dennis, and J.S. Sweeney. 2000. Cross-Media Models of the Chesapeake Bay Watershed and Airshed. Water Quality and Ecosystem Modeling 1(1–4): 91–122.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Latimer, J.S., and S.A. Rego. 2010. Empirical relationship between eelgrass extent and predicted watershed-derived nitrogen loading for shallow New England estuaries. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 90: 231–240.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maryland Department of Natural Resources. 2012. Eyes on the Bay (www.eyesonthebay.gov)

  • Maryland Department of Planning. 2012. Land Uses in Maryland (www.mdp.state.md.us and www.mdp.state.md.us/OurWork/landuse.shtml)

  • Merrill, J. Z. 1999. Tidal freshwater marshes as nutrient sinks: particulate nutrient burial and denitrification. MS Thesis, University of Maryland, College Park, MD

  • Moore, K.A., D.J. Wilcox, and R.J. Orth. 2000. Analysis and abundance of submersed aquatic vegetation communities in the Chesapeake Bay. Estuaries 23(1): 115–127.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mukherjee, B., D. Mukherjee, and M. Nivedita. 2008. Modeling carbon and nutrient cycling in a simulated pond system at Ranchi. Ecological Modelling 213(3–4): 437–448.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mullholland et al. 2008. Stream denitrification across biomes and its response to anthropogenic nitrate loading. Nature 452: 202–206

  • Murphy, R.R., W.M. Kemp, and W.P. Ball. 2011. Long-term trends in Chesapeake Bay seasonal hypoxia, stratification, and nutrient loading. Estuaries and Coasts 34: 1293–1309.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nutrient Analytical Services Laboratory, Chesapeake Biological Laboratory. 2012. http://nasl.cbl.umces.edu

  • Nixon, S.W. 1988. Physical energy inputs and the comparative ecology of lake and marine ecosystems. Limnology and Oceanography 33: 1005–1025.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nixon, S.W. 1995. Coastal marine eutrophication: A definition, social causes, and future concerns. Ophelia 41: 199–219.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nixon, S., B. Buckley, S. Granger, and J. Bintz. 2001. Responses of very shallow marine ecosystems to nutrient enrichment. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment 7(5): 1457–1481.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nixon, S.W. 2009. Eutrophication and the macroscope. Hydrobiologia 629: 5–19.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Odum, H.T., and C.M. Hoskin. 1958. Comparative studies on the metabolism of marine waters, 5th ed, 16–46. Univ. Texas: Publ. Inst. Mar. Sci.

    Google Scholar 

  • Orth, R.J., M.R. Williams, S.R. Marion, D.J. Wilcox, T.J.B. Carruthers, K.A. Moore, W.M. Kemp, W.C. Dennison, N. Rybicki, P. Bergstrom, and R.A. Batiuk. 2010. Long-term trends in submersed aquatic vegetation (SAV) in Chesapeake Bay, USA, related to water quality. Estuaries and Coasts 33: 1144–1163.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Paerl, H.W. 2009. Controlling eutrophication along the freshwater–marine continuum: Duel nutrient (N and P) reductions are essential. Estuaries and Coasts 32: 593–601.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Parsons, T.R., M. Takahashi, and B. Hargrave. 1984. Biological Oceanographic Processes. Oxford: Pergamon Press. 330 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pina-Ochoa, E., and M. Alverez-Cobelas. 2006. Denitrification in aquatic environments: a cross-system analysis. Biogeochemistry 81: 111–130.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rabalais, N.N. 2002. Nitrogen in aquatic ecosystems. Ambio 31(2): 102–112.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rask, N., S.E. Pedersen, and M.H. Jensen. 1999. Response to lower nutrient discharges in the coastal waters around the island of Funen, Denmark. Hydrobiologia 393: 69–81.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ruhl, H. A. and N. B. Rybicki. 2010. Long-term reductions in anthropogenic nutrients link to improvements in Chesapeake Bay habitat. PNAS.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1003590107.

  • Ryther, J. H. 1954. The ecology of phytoplankton blooms in Moriches Bay and Great South Bay, Long Island, New York. Contribution No. 685. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA pp. 198–207.

  • Sarthou, G., K.R. Timmermans, S. Blain, and P. Treguer. 2005. Growth physiology and fate of diatoms in the ocean: A review. Journal of Sea Research 53: 25–42.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schueler, T. 1994. The importance of imperviousness. Watershed Protection Techniques 1(3): 100–111.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shenk G.W., and L.C. Linker . 2013. Development and Application of the 2010 Chesapeake TMDL Watershed Model. Journal of the American Water Resources Association, (JAWRA) 1-15. doi:10.1111/jawr.12109

  • Smith, V. H., S. B. Joye and R. W. Howarth. 2006. Eutrophication of freshwater and marine ecosystems. Limnol. Oceanogr. 51(1, part 2): 351–355.

    Google Scholar 

  • United States Environmental Protection Agency. 2010. Chesapeake Bay Total Maximum Daily Load for Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Sediment. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Chesapeake Bay Program Office, Annapolis MD. (http://www.chesapeake.gov)

  • United States Geological Survey. 2011. Water data for the nation (http://waterdata.usgs.gov/nwis and http://va.water.usgs.gov/chesbay/RIMP/dataretrieval.html).

  • Valiela, I., J. McClelland, J. Hauxwell, P. J. Behr, D. Hersh, and K. Foreman. 1997. Macroalgal blooms in shallow estuaries: Controls and ecophysiological and ecosystem consequences. Limnol. Oceanogr. 42(5, part 2): 1105–1118.

    Google Scholar 

  • Virginia Institute of Marine Science (VIMS). 2011. http://web.vims.edu/bio/sav/

  • Ward, L.G., W.M. Kemp, and W.R. Boynton. 1984. The influence of waves and seagrass communities on suspended particulates in an estuarine embayment. Marine Geology 59: 85–103.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yamamoto, T. 2003. The Seto Inland Sea: eutrophic or oligotrophic? Marine Pollution Bulletin 47: 37–42.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yu, H., C. Ye, X. Song, and J. Liu. 2010. Comparative analysis of growth and physio-biochemcial responses of Hydrilla verticillata to different sediments in freshwater microcosms. Ecological Engineering 36(10): 1285–1289.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

Synthesis studies rely on data sharing from a large number of public and institutional sources as well as local knowledge. We gratefully acknowledge all of these sources. In particular, Margaret McGinty and James Uphoff, Maryland Department of Natural Resources, arranged tours of Mattawoman Creek and provided dissolved oxygen and land use data. Gary Shenk and Lewis Linker, USEPA Chesapeake Bay Program, provided model-based nutrient loading data and estimates of net exchanges of nitrogen and phosphorus between the creek and Potomac River. The Chesapeake Bay Program traditional water quality monitoring, the ConMon high-frequency monitoring and SAV monitoring program data were central to completing this analysis. This work was supported by the Maryland Department of Natural Resources: Resource Assessment Service (contract no. K00B3400004 RAT-5/12-376).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, PO Box 38, Solomons, MD, 20688, USA

    W. R. Boynton, C. L. S. Hodgkins, C. A. O’Leary, E. M. Bailey, A. R. Bayard & L. A. Wainger

Authors
  1. W. R. Boynton
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. C. L. S. Hodgkins
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. C. A. O’Leary
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. E. M. Bailey
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. A. R. Bayard
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. L. A. Wainger
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to W. R. Boynton.

Additional information

Communicated by Wayne S. Gardner

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Boynton, W.R., Hodgkins, C.L.S., O’Leary, C.A. et al. Multi-decade Responses of a Tidal Creek System to Nutrient Load Reductions: Mattawoman Creek, Maryland USA. Estuaries and Coasts 37 (Suppl 1), 111–127 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12237-013-9690-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12237-013-9690-4

Keywords

Search

Navigation