Diversity of Plants, Traditional Knowledge, and Practices in Local Cosmetics: A Case Study from Alexandria, Egypt. In this study, we explored the diversity of traditional knowledge and plants that have cosmetic values in Alexandria, Egypt. Ethnobotanical data were collected from 396 local Alexandria women using semistructured interviews. Data were analyzed using informant consensus factor (FIC) and fidelity level (FL) metrics. In total, 27 plant species, belonging to 27 genera and 17 families, were identified as local cosmetic resources. Overall, 63% of these plants (17 species) are used in the form of oils, while the most frequently used organ is plant leaves (41% of all species). Rosmarinus officinalis L. and Cinnamomum verum L. have the largest number of cosmetic uses (8 uses for each). The highest FIC value was 0.98 for the hair treatment category followed by eyes (0.96), female hormones (0.96), skin (0.93), and face treatment (0.93). Plants with the highest citations in this study for hair treatment were Olea europea L. (54% of all citations) and Lawsonia inermis L. (48% of citations). The most important species according to their fidelity level were Lawsonia inermis L. (FL = 87%) and Eruca sativa L. (FL = 84%) in hair treatments, Linum usitatissimum L. (FL = 83%) as a source of female hormones, Avena sativa L. (FL = 63%) for beautification of women’s faces, and Jasminum grandiflorum L. (FL = 46%) for skin treatments. Demographic factors such as education and age play a significant role in the use of herbal remedies. The study reveals the importance of plants in the local cosmetic industry. The high fidelity score and informant consensus factor suggests that traditional knowledge could potentially guide the search for modern cosmetic products.
Similar content being viewed by others
Literature Cited
AbouZid, S. F. and A. A. Mohamed. 2011. Survey on medicinal plants and spices used in Beni-Sueif, Upper Egypt. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 7:18.
Albertazzi, P. and D. W. Purdie. 2002. The nature and utility of the phytoestrogens: A review of the evidence. Maturitas 42:173–185.
Alencar, N. L., W. S. F. Junior, and U. P. Albuquerque. 2014. Medicinal plant knowledge richness and sharing in Northeastern Brazil. Economic Botany 68:371–382.
Alpin, P. 1980. La medicine des Egyptiens I–II, Cairo.
Bedevian, A. K. 1994. Illustrated polyglottic dictionary of plant names. Madbouli Bookshop, Cairo.
Boulos, L. 1991. Flora of Egypt. Al Hadara Publishing, Inc., Cairo.
CAPMAS. 2014. Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics. http://www.capmas.gov.eg/ (14 October 2014).
Chukwu, O. O. C., C. E. Odu, D. I. Chukwu, N. Hafiz, V. N. Chidozie, and I. A. Onyimba. 2011. Application of extracts of henna (Lawsonia inamis) leaves as a counter stain. African Journal of Microbiology Research 5:3351–3356.
Dioscorides. 1655. The Greek herbal. Translated by J. Goodyer, edited by R. T. Gunther. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1934.
EDI. 2013. Egyptian Drug Index. http://care-pharma.com (16 November 2014).
Elansary, H. O. and E. A. Mahmoud. 2014. Egyptian herbal tea infusions antioxidants and their antiproliferative and cytotoxic activities against cancer cells. Natural Product Research 21:1–6.
——— and ———. 2014b. Basil cultivar identification using chemotyping still favored over genotyping using core barcodes and possible resources of antioxidants. Essential Oil Research. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10412905.2014.982874.
El-Demerdash, M. 2001. Medicinal plants of Egypt. In: Development of plant-based medicines: Conservation, efficacy and safety, ed. P. K. Saxena, 63–69. Kluwer Academic Publisher.
Farnsworth, N. R., O. Akerele, A. S. Bingel, D. D. Soejarto, and Z. Guo. 1985. Medicinal plants in therapy. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 63:965–981.
Farooq, S., A. Barki, M. Y. Khan, and H. Fazal. 2012. Ethnobotanical studies of the flora of Tehsil Birmalin South Wazirestan Agency, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Weed Science Research 18:277–291.
Friedman, J., Z. Yaniv, A. Dafni, and D. Palewitch. 1986. A preliminary classification of the healing potential of medicinal plants, based on a rational analysis of an ethnopharmacological field survey among Bedouins in the Negev Desert. Israel Journal of Ethnopharmacology 16:275–287.
Gaoue, O. G., C. C. Horvitz, T. Ticktin, U. K. Steiner, and S. Tuljapurkar. 2013. Defoliation and bark harvesting affect life-history traits of a tropical tree. Journal of Ecology 101:1563–1571.
Graves-Brown, C. 2010. Pages 129–160 Dancing for Hathor: Women in ancient Egypt. Continuum U.K, London.
Hanyu, N., C. Simile, and A. M. Hardy. 2000. Utilization of complementary and alternative medicine by United States adults. Results from the 1999 National Health Interview Study. Medical Care 40:353–358.
Heinrich, M., A. Ankli, B. Frei, C. Weimann, and O. Sticher. 1998. Medicinal plants in Mexico: Healer’s consensus and cultural importance. Social Science and Medicine 47:1859–1871.
Hemminki, E., T. Mantyranta, M. Malin, and P. Koponen. 1991. A survey on the use of alternative drugs during pregnancy. Scandinavian Journal of Social Medicine 19:199–204.
Hostettman, K., A. Marston, K. Ndjoko, and J. L. Wolfender. 2000. The potential of African plants as a source of drugs. Current Organic Chemistry 4:973–1010.
IDSC. 2010. The Information and Decision Support Center. http://www.idsc.gov.eg (3 June 2014).
IUCN. 2014. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014. http://www.iucnredlist.org (15 June 2014).
Khabbach, A., M. Libiad, and A. Ennabili. 2011. Plant resources use in the province of Taza (North of Morocco). ProEnvironment 4:347–356.
Khedr, A., M. W. Cadotte, A. El-Keblawy, and J. Lovett-Doust. 2002. Phylogenetic diversity and ecological features in the Egyptian flora. Biodiversity and Conservation 11:1809–1824.
Lahlou, M. 2013. The success of natural products in drug discovery. Journal of Pharmacology and Pharmacy 4:17–31.
Liou, J. R., M. El-Shazly, Y. C. Du, C. N. Tseng, T. L. Hwang, Y. L. Chuang, Y. M. Hsu, P. W. Hseih, and C. C. Wu. 2013. 1,5-Diphenylpent-3-en-1-ynes and methyl naphthalene carboxylates from Lawsonia inermis and their anti-inflammatory activity. Phytochemistry 88:67–73.
Mander, M., L. Ntuli, N. Diedrichs, and K. Mavundla. 2007. Chapter 13: Economics of the traditional medicine trade in South Africa. In: South African health review 2007, eds. S. Harrison, R. Bhana, and A. Ntuli, 189–200. Health Systems Trust, Durban, South Africa. http://www.hst.org.za/uploads/files/chap13_07.pdf.
Manniche, L. 1989. An ancient Egyptian herbal. Austin: University of Texas Press, pp 50, 114, 128, 138.
Martin, G. J. 2004. Ethnobotany: A method manual. London and Sterling, Virginia: Earthscan, U.S.A.
McChesney, J. D., S. K. Venkataraman, and J. T. Henri. 2007. Plant natural products: Back to the future or into extinction? Phytochemistry 68:2015–2022.
Moerman, D., R. Pemberton, D. Kiefer, and B. Berlin. 1999. A comparative analysis of five medicinal floras. Journal of Ethnobiology 19(1):49–67.
Muhammad, H. S. and S. Muhammad. 2005. The use of Lawsonia inermis L. (henna) in the management of burn wound infections. African Journal of Biotechnology 4:934–937.
Nasab, F. K. and A. R. Khosravi. 2014. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants of Sirjan in Kerman Province, Iran. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 154:190–197.
Nasr, S. M. 1995. Geochemistry and granulometric normalization for heavy metals in the bottom sediments of Alexandria, Egypt. Proceedings of the Second Conference on the Mediterranean Coastal Environment. Tarragona Spain: MEDCOAST 95:1473–1481.
Newman, D. J. and G. M. Cragg. 2012. Natural products as sources of new drugs over the 30 years from 1981 to 2012. Journal of Natural Products 75:311–335.
Nolan, J. M. and N. J. Turner. 2011. Ethnobotany: The study of people-plant relationships. In: Ethnobiology, eds. E. N. Anderson, D. Pearsall, E. Hunn, and N. Turner, 133–147. John Wiley and Sons.
Peter, K. V. 2012. Introduction to herbs and spices: Definition, trade and applications. Pages 55–70 in K. V. Peter, ed., Handbook of herbs and spices. Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge, U.K.
Sandhya, S., S. J. Chandra, K. R. Vinod, K. N. V. Rao, and D. Banji. 2012. Preclinical studies of a novel polyherbal phyto-complex hair growth promoting cream. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine 2:S296–S304.
Saslis-Lagoudakis, C. H., J. A. Hawkins, S. J. Greenhill, C. A. Pendry, M. F. Watson, W. Tuladhar-Douglas, S. R. Baral, and V. Savolainen. 2014. The evolution of traditional knowledge: Environment shapes medicinal plant use in Nepal. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 281:20132768.
Schippmann, U., J. D. Leaman, and A. B. Cunningham. 2002. Impact of cultivation and gathering of medicinal plants on biodiversity: Global trends and issues. Inter-Departmental Working Group on Biological Diversity for Food and Agriculture, Rome.
Schmidt, B. M. 2012. Responsible use of medicinal plants for cosmetics. HortScience 47:985–991.
SIS. 2014. State Information Service. http://www.sis.gov.eg/En/Default.aspx (2 June 2014).
Trotter, R. and M. Logan. 1986. Informant consensus: A new approach for identifying potentially effective medicinal plants. Pages 91–112 in L. E. Nina, ed., Plants in indigenous medicine and diet: Biobehavioural approaches. Redgrave Publishers, Bedford Hills, New York.
Van Staden, J. 1999. Medicinal plants in southern Africa: Utilization, sustainability, conservation—Can we change the mindsets? Outlook on Agriculture 28:75–76.
Weil, J. 2012. Beauty’s Top 100. WWD (Women’s Wear Daily), a publication of Conde Nast, Inc., New York, 25.
Zumrutdal, M. E., M. Ozaslan, M. Tuzcu, K. Daglioglu, A. Akova, I. D. Karagöz, I. H. Kilic, O. Colak, and F. Köksal. 2008. Effect of Lawsonia inermis treatment on mice with sarcoma. African Journal of Biotechnology 7:2781–2786.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Electronic supplementary material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Appendix 1
(PDF 230 kb)
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Elansary, H.O., Mahmoud, E.A., Shokralla, S. et al. Diversity of Plants, Traditional Knowledge, and Practices in Local Cosmetics: A Case Study from Alexandria, Egypt. Econ Bot 69, 114–126 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12231-015-9308-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12231-015-9308-9