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The Consequences of Harvesting on Regeneration of a Non-timber Wax Producing Species (Euphorbia antisyphilitica Zucc.) of the Chihuahuan Desert

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The Consequences of Harvesting on Regeneration of a Non-timber Wax Producing Species ( Euphorbia antisyphilitica Zucc.) of the Chihuahuan Desert. For two centuries large quantities of non-timber candelilla (Euphorbia antisyphilitica Zucc., Euphorbiaceae) have been harvested from wild populations in northern Mexico. The wax that candelilla produces is used for various purposes by many different types of industries. Although extraction is regulated by the government, lack of ecological information has led to concern for overexploitation and population decreases. In the arid region of Cuatrocienegas, Coahuila, Mexico, we measured growth and reproduction in candelilla populations with variable harvest rates. Interviews were used to determine how harvest criteria and volume relate to plant performance and to learn about current extraction policies. We found the average annual harvest to be high (8,273.02 ± 2,076.09 kg/per person/per year) but the population size to be consistent (9,278 to 73,250 individuals/ha). Initial number of stems and height per plant at first census, time elapsed since last harvest, as well as seasonal changes affected individual plant performance. Relative growth rate (TR) was higher but also more variable among small plants relative to larger plants, making them more vulnerable to harvest effects. TR and fecundity rates are negatively affected when less than two years elapsed between harvests. Nowadays, although fewer local people work in candelilla extraction, those from the lowest socioeconomic brackets depend on it most. The incorporation of the ecological information obtained here into Mexican law will ensure better management of this NTFP resource. Also, improving the techniques of wax extraction and promoting fair trade to increase the price paid to producers could reduce the negative impacts on plant performance and ensure sustainable use of natural populations.

Las consecuencias de la cosecha en la regeneración de una especie no maderable productora de cera ( Euphorbia antisyphilitica Zucc.) del desierto Chihuahuense. Durante los dos últimos siglos se han cosechado grandes cantidades de candelilla (Euphorbia antisyphilitica Zucc.) de poblaciones silvestres en el norte de México y la cera que produce se usa con diversos propósitos en diferentes tipos de industrias. Aunque la extracción es regulada por instancias gubernamentales, la falta de información ecológica sobre la especie causa preocupación sobre su posible sobreexplotación. En el desierto de Cuatrociénegas, Coahuila, México, medimos el crecimiento y la reproducción en poblaciones de candelilla con tasas de cosecha variable. Se realizaron entrevistas sobre los volúmenes y criterios de cosecha actuales y se relacionaron con el desempeño en el crecimiento y reproducción de las plantas. Se encontró que existe una tasa anual de cosecha alta (8,273.02 ± 2,076.09 kg/por persona/año) pero tamaños poblacionales elevados (9,278 a 73,250 individuos/ha). El número de tallos y la altura por planta al inicio de este estudio, el tiempo transcurrido desde la última cosecha en cada población de candelilla y los cambios estacionales determinan el desempeño en el crecimiento y reproducción de las plantas. La tasa relativa de crecimiento (TR) fue alta pero más variable entre plantas con pocos tallos en relación con aquéllas con muchos tallos. Encontramos efectos negativos en TR y en la fecundidad cuando ha transcurrido menos de dos años desde la última cosecha. Actualmente la actividad candelillera es menos intensa que en el pasado pero sigue siendo una fuente importante de ingreso para las clases sociales más pobres. Un manejo más adecuado de este RFNM podría lograrse si se incorpora la información ecológica obtenida en este estudio, así mismo, mejorando las técnicas de extracción de cera y promoviendo un comercio justo, podrían reducirse los niveles de cosecha y los impactos sobre el desempeño de las plantas, disminuyendo los riesgos a la salud durante la extracción de cera y favoreciendo un uso sustentable.

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Acknowledgments

The study was funded by CONACyT grant to AMB (“Apoyos integrales para la formación de doctores en ciencias,” 2006, application 56722) as a postdoctoral associated with MCM, at Lab. Genética y Ecología, Instituto de Ecología UNAM; and CONACyT (Project A350 awarded to MCM). We thank Adny Alicia Celis, Erika Pagaza, Agustina Duran, Paty, Jocelyn Durán, Romi Portilla, Diego Rabago, and Biologist Laura Cortés Zárraga for their help with field work. We also thank to Jose Luis Quiz and the authorities of San Lorenzo ejido, Benigno Reyna Ramírez and Leno Quiz Ramírez, for allowing us to conduct our research on their property. Adrian Martínez Degollado, forest consultant of SEMARNAT, and members of ejidos San Lorenzo, La Vega, Antiguos Mineros del Norte, and Boquillas, who brought us invaluable information for this research. Jordan Golubov read and commented on a previous version of the manuscript. We appreciate the logistical support from M. en C. Mariana Rojas Aréchiga at UNAM, and the staff of the Natural Protected Area in Cuatrocienegas, in particular Oscar Muñoz and Mirna Mendoza who helped us to establish contact with the candelilleros.

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Correspondence to María C. Mandujano.

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Martínez-Ballesté, A., Mandujano, M.C. The Consequences of Harvesting on Regeneration of a Non-timber Wax Producing Species (Euphorbia antisyphilitica Zucc.) of the Chihuahuan Desert. Econ Bot 67, 121–136 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12231-013-9229-4

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