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Attachment Orientations, Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia, and Stress Are Important for Understanding the Link Between Childhood Socioeconomic Status and Adult Self-Reported Health

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Annals of Behavioral Medicine

Abstract

Background

Low childhood socioeconomic status (SES) is reliably associated with poor adult health. Social environments early in life and physiological stress responses are theorized to underlie this link; however, the role of attachment orientations is relatively unknown.

Purpose

In this study, we examined whether attachment orientations (i.e., attachment anxiety and attachment avoidance) and self-reported stress were mediators of the association between childhood SES and self-reported health in adulthood. Furthermore, we examined whether parasympathetic nervous system functioning was a moderator of associations between attachment orientations and self-reported stress.

Methods

Participants (N = 213) provided self-reports of childhood SES, attachment orientations, general stress, and self-rated health. Respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) was measured at rest, as well as during an acute social stressor.

Results

Low childhood SES was associated with poor self-reported health via the serial pathway from attachment anxiety to general stress. Moreover, attachment avoidance was associated with self-reported health via general stress, but only among those with high stress-induced RSA. Findings were independent of participant age, sex, race, body mass index, baseline RSA, and adult SES.

Conclusions

Attachment theory is useful for understanding why those from low SES backgrounds are at greater risk of negative health outcomes in adulthood. Findings extend our knowledge of how interpersonal relationships in childhood can shape emotional and physical health outcomes in adulthood.

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Acknowledgments

The data were collected by the Laboratory for the Study of Stress, Immunity, and Disease at Carnegie Mellon University under the directorship of Sheldon Cohen, PhD; and were accessed via the Common Cold Project website (www.commoncoldproject.com). Data collection was supported by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (AI066367) and the National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (RC1AT005799). Preparation of the manuscript was supported by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (1R01HL127260-01; 1F32HL131353).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychology, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, BRC 780Q, Houston, TX, 77005, USA

    Kyle W. Murdock PhD & Christopher P. Fagundes PhD

  2. Department of Symptom Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA

    Christopher P. Fagundes PhD

  3. Department of Psychiatry, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA

    Christopher P. Fagundes PhD

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  1. Kyle W. Murdock PhD
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Correspondence to Kyle W. Murdock PhD.

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Authors’ Statement of Conflict of Interest and Adherence to Ethical Standards Authors Kyle W. Murdock and Christopher P. Fagundes declare that they have no conflict of interest. All procedures, including the informed consent process, were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the responsible committee on human experimentation (institutional and national) and with the Helsinki Declaration of 1975, as revised in 2000.

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Murdock, K.W., Fagundes, C.P. Attachment Orientations, Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia, and Stress Are Important for Understanding the Link Between Childhood Socioeconomic Status and Adult Self-Reported Health. ann. behav. med. 51, 189–198 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12160-016-9842-4

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