Abstract
This study compares college students’ attitudes about privacy and trust when sharing digital images or video of themselves with three specific forms of Internet- and cellular-based media: Facebook, other social networking sites, and mobile phones. An increasing popular use of mobile phones is the practice of ‘sexting:’ sending and receiving sexually explicit images. These practices have only recently been introduced to criminological literature. Results indicate that trust in the receiver of images sent via mobile phones was significantly higher than other mediums. Also, females were less likely to trust mobile phones as they age if they reported to have previously engaged in sexting behaviors. This article argues that trust in sharing images or video via mobile phones is perhaps misplaced because there are many ways of losing control through non-consensual use of the digital images (e.g., victimization). Further, future research needs clearer distinctions to be made when defining the term ‘sexting’ and the intentions and purposes of people who engage in it.
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
Adapted items used to compile trust scales:
Facebook Trust
Facebook.com is a trustworthy social network. I can count on Facebook.com to protect my privacy. I can count on Facebook.com to protect my personal information from unauthorized use. Facebook.com can be relied on to keep its promises.
Social Network Trust
Web sites are trustworthy social networks. I can count on most social sites to protect my privacy. I can count on most sites to protect my personal information from unauthorized use. Social web sites can be relied on to keep their promises.
Cellular Trust
The people that I send pictures/video to are trustworthy. I can count on those people to protect my privacy. I can count on those people to protect my personal information from unauthorized use. Those people can be relied on to keep their promises.
References
Albury, K., & Crawford, K. (2012). Sexting, consent and young people’s ethics: beyond Megan’s story. Continuum: Journal Of Media & Cultural Studies, 26, 463–473.
Blinka, L., Subrahmanyam, K., Šmahel, D., & Seganti, F. R. (2012). Differences in the teen blogosphere: insights from a content analysis of English- and Czech-language weblogs. Nordic Journal of Youth Research, 20, 277–296.
Bossewitch, J., & Sinnreich, A. (2012). The end of forgetting: strategic agency beyond the panopticon. New Media Society, 15, 224–242.
Boyd, D. (2008). Taken out of context: American teen sociality in networked publics. Berkeley: University of California.
Boyd, D., & Ellison, N. (2007). Social network sites: definition, history, and scholarship. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 13, 210–230.
Brechwald, W. A., & Prinstein, M. J. (2011). Beyond homophily: a decade of advances in understanding peer influence processes. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 21, 166–179.
Buchanan, T., Paine, C., Joinson, A. N., & Reips, U. D. (2007). Development of measures of online privacy concern and protection for use on the Internet. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 58, 157–165.
Burke, M., Marlow, C., & Lento, T. (2009). Feed me: Motivating newcomer contribution in social network sites. Boston, MA: ACM.
Chalfen, R. (2009). ‘It’s only a picture’: sexting, ‘smutty’ snapshots and felony charges. Visual Studies, 24.
Chalfen, R. (2010). Commentary sexting as adolescent social communication. Journal of Children and Media, 4, 350–354.
Christofides, E., Muise, A., & Desmarais, S. (2009). Information disclosure and control on Facebook: are they two sides of the same coin or two different processes? CyberPsychology & Behavior, 12, 340–345.
Davis, K. (2012). Friendship 2.0: adolescents’ experiences of belonging and self-disclosure online. Journal of Adolescence, 35, 1527–1536.
Dwyer, C., Hiltz, S. R. & Passerini, K. (2007). Trust and privacy: A comparison of Facebook and MySpace. Thirteenth Americas Conference on Information Systems. Keystone, Colorado.
Ellison, N. B., Steinfield, C. & Lampe, C. (2007). The benefits of Facebook “Friends:” social capital and college students’ use of online social network sites. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 12, Retrieved from http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol12/issue4/ellison.html.
Farquhar, L. (2012). Performing and interpreting identity through Facebook imagery. Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies, 1–26.
Fogel, J., & Nehmad, E. (2009). Internet social network communities: risk taking, trust, and privacy concerns. Computers in Human Behavior, 25, 153–160.
Hasinoff, A. A. (2012). Sexting as media production: Rethinking social media and sexuality. New Media & Society, 1–17.
Henderson, S., & Gilding, M. (2004). ‘I’ve never clicked this much with anyone in my life’: trust and hyperpersonal communication in online friendships. New Media & Society, 6, 487–506.
Hinduja, S. & Patchin, J. W. (2013). State sexting laws: A brief review of state sexting laws and policies. Cyberbullying Research Center. URL: http://www.cyberbullying.us/state_sexting_laws.pdf. Last accessed: April 15, 2014.
Ito, M. (2005). Intimate Visual Co-Presence. 2005 Ubiquitous Computing Conference.
Jackson, L., Samona, R., Moomaw, J., Ramsay, L., Murray, C., & Smith, A. (2007). What children do on the Internet: domains visited and their relationship to socio-demographic characteristics and academic performance. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 10, 182–190.
Joinson, A. N. (2001). Self-disclosure in computer-mediated communication: the role of self-awareness and visual anonymity. European Journal of Social Psychology, 31, 177–192.
Judge, A. M. (2012). ‘Sexting’ among U.S. adolescents: psychological and legal perspectives. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 20, 86–96.
Kaare, B. H., Brandtzeg, P. B., Heim, J., & Endestad, T. (2007). In the borderland between family orientation and peer culture: the use of communication technologies among Norwegian tweens. New Media & Society, 9, 603–624.
Krasnova, H., Kolesnikova, E., & Guenther, O. (2009). “It won’t happen to me!”: Self-disclosure in online social networks. Americas conference on information systems. San Francisco, CA: Association for Information Systems.
Lenhart, A. (2009). Teens and sexting. Millennials: A portrait of generation next. Washington, DC: Pew Internet & American Life Project.
Lenhart, A. (2012). Teens, smartphones & texting. Washington, DC: Pew Internet & American Life Project.
Lenhart, A., & Madden, M. (2005). Teen Content Creators and Consumers: More than half of online teens have created content for the internet; and most teen downloaders think that getting free music files is easy to do. Washington, DC: Pew Internet & American Life Project.
Lenhart, A., & Madden, M. (2007). Teens, privacy and online social networks. Washington, DC: Pew Internet & American Life Project.
Livingstone, S. (2002). Young people and new media: Childhood and the changing media environment. London: Sage.
Livingstone, S. (2004). Media literacy and the challenge of new information and communication technologies. The Communication Review, 7, 3–14.
Livingstone, S. (2006). Children’s Privacy Online: Experimenting with boundaries within and beyond the family. In R. Kraut, M. Brynin, & S. Kiesler (Eds.), Computers, phones, and the internet: Domesticating information technology. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
Livingstone, S. (2008). Taking risky opportunities in youthful content creation: teenagers’ use of social networking sites for intimacy, privacy and self-expression. New Media & Society, 10, 393–411.
Livingstone, S., Haddon, L., Gorzig, A., & Ólafsson, K. (2011). Risks and safety for children on the internet: The UK report. EU Kids Online. London: LSE.
Livingstone, S., & Helsper, E. (2010). Balancing opportunities and risks in teenager’ use of the internet: the role of online skills and internet self-efficacy. New Media Society, 12, 309–329.
Lounsbury, K., Mitchell, K. J. & Finkelhor, D. (2011). The true prevalence of “sexting”. University of New Hampshire: Crimes against children research center.
Madden, M., Lenhart, A., Duggan, M., Cortesi, S., & Gasser, U. (2013). Teens and Technology 2013. Washington, DC: Pew Research Center’s Internet & American Life Project.
Marwick, A. E., & Boyd, D. (2010). I tweet honestly, I tweet passionately: Twitter users, context collapse, and the imagined audience. New Media & Society, 13, 114–133.
Marwick, A. E., Diaz, D. M., & Palfrey, J. (2010). Youth, privacy and reputation: A literature review. Cambridge, MA: The Berkman Center for Internet & Society at Harvard University.
Mitchell, K. J., Finkelhor, D., Jones, L. M., & Wolak, J. (2011). Prevalence and characteristics of youth sexting: a national study. Pediatrics, 129, 13–20.
Murumaa, M. & Siibak, A. (2012). The imagined audience on Facebook: Analysis of Estonian teen sketches about typical Facebook users. First Monday, 17, article 5.
Nippert-Eng, C. E. (2010). Islands of privacy. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Pan, Y., & Zinkhan, G. M. (2006). Exploring the impact of online privacy disclosures on consumer trust. Journal of Retailing, 82, 331–338.
Pearson, E. (2010). Making a good (Virtual) first impression: The use of visuals in online impression management and creating identity performances. In J. Berleur, M. D. Hercheui, & L. M. Hilty (Eds.), What kind of information society? Governance, virtuality, surveillance, sustainability, resilience. Brisbane, Australia: IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology.
Redmon, D. (2003). Playful deviance as an urban leisure activity: secret selves, self-validation, and entertaining performances. Deviant Behavior, 24(1), 27–51.
Reyns, B. W., Burek, M. W., Henson, B., & Fisher, B. S. (2013). The unintended consequences of digital technology: exploring the relationship between sexting and cybervictimization. Journal of Crime and Justice, 36(1), 1–17.
Sefton-Green, J. (2006). Youth, technology, and media cultures. In J. Green & A. Luke (Eds.), Review of Research in Education 30, 2006. Washington: American Educational Research Association.
Siibak, A. (2009). Constructing the Self through the Photo selection - Visual Impression Management on Social Networking Websites. Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace, 3, article 1.
Snell, P. A., & Englander, E. K. (2010). Cyberbullying victimization and behaviors among girls: applying research findings in the field. Journal of Social Sciences, 6, 510–514.
Strassberg, D., McKinnon, R., Sustaita, M., & Rullo, J. (2013). Sexting by high school students: an exploratory and descriptive study. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 42, 15–21.
Stutzman, F. (2006). An evaluation of identity-sharing behavior in social network communities. International Digital and Media Arts, 3, 10–18.
Subrahmanyam, K., & Šmahel, D. (2011). Digital youth: The role of media in development. New York: Springer.
Sydell, L. (2013). How Hackers Tapped Into My Cellphone For Less Than $300. All Tech Considered.
Tidwell, L. C., & Walther, J. B. (2006). Computer-mediated communication effects on disclosure, impressions, and interpersonal evaluations: getting to know one another a bit at a time. Human Communication Research, 28, 317–348.
Uimonen, P. (2013). Visual identity in Facebook. Visual Studies, 28, 122–135.
Valkenburg, P. M., & Peter, J. (2011). Online communication among adolescents: an integrated model of its attraction, opportunities, and risks. Journal of Adolescent Health, 48, 121–127.
Wolak, J. & Finkelhor, D. (2011). Sexting: A typology. Research Bulletin (March). University of New Hampshire: Crimes Against Children Research Center.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Zemmels, D.R., Khey, D.N. Sharing of Digital Visual Media: Privacy Concerns and Trust Among Young People. Am J Crim Just 40, 285–302 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12103-014-9245-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12103-014-9245-7