Abstract
Glucosamine (GlcN) is a major and valuable component in the cell wall of fungi. In this study, the cell wall was treated via a two-stage alkali and acid process, and chitin and chitosan were fully deacetylated, partially depolymerized, and converted to GlcN oligosaccharides. Then, the oligosaccharides were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography. The influences of Actinomucor elegans on GlcN production in a flask culture were investigated to achieve an optimum yield of GlcN. The experimental result showed that cultivation in condition of pH 6.0, 100 mL working volume (500 mL flask), 10 % (v/v) inoculum concentration, at 28 °C and 200 rpm for 6 days yielded highest dry cell weight (DCW) which was 23.43 g L−1, with a GlcN concentration of 5.12 g L−1. Methanol as stimulating factor was found to exert the best effect in concentration of 1.5 % (v/v). With addition of methanol into medium, the DCW increased from 23.69 to 32.42 g L−1, leading to maximum GlcN concentration of 6.85 g L−1 obtained. Here, the methanol addition may be useful for industrial production of GlcN, and may also be meaningful for the production of other fine chemicals by filamentous fungi.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Uhde A, Youn JW, Maeda T, Clermont L, Matano C, Kramer R, Marin K (2013) Glucosamine as carbon source for amino acid-producing Corynebacterium glutamicum. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 97:1679–1687
Mennini T (2012) Controversy on glucosamine. Nutrafoods 11:37–41
Nakanura H (2011) Application of glucosamine on human disease—osteoarthritis. Carbohydr Polym 84:835–839
Chen X, Liu L, Li JH, Du GC, Chen J (2012) Improved glucosamine and N-acetylglucosamine production by an engineered Escherichia coli via step-wise regulation of dissolved oxygen level. Bioresour Technol 110:534–538
Zhang JX, Liu L, Li JH, Du GC, Chen J (2012) Enhanced glucosamine production by Aspergillus sp. BCRC 31742 based on the time-variant kinetics analysis of dissolved oxygen level. Bioresour Technol 111:507–511
Chen X, Liu L, Li JH, Liu J, Du G, Chen J (2012) Optimization of glucose feeding approaches for enhanced glucosamine and N-acetylglucosamine production by an engineered Escherichia coli. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 39:359–365
Liu L, Liu Y, Shin HD, Chen R, Li J, Du G, Chen J (2013) Microbial production of glucosamine and N-acetylglucosamine: advances and perspectives. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 97:6149–6158
Hsieh JW, Wu HS, Wei YH, Wang SS (2007) Determination and kinetics of producing glucosamine using fungi. Biotechnol Prog 23:1009–1016
Sitanggang AB, Wu HS, Wang SS, Ho YC (2010) Effect of pellet size and stimulating factor on the glucosamine production using Aspergillus sp. BCRC31742. Bioresour Technol 10:3595–3601
Bowman SM, Free SJ (2006) The structure and synthesis of the fungal cell wall. BioEssays 28:799–808
Deng MD, Severson DK, Grund AD, Wassink SL, Burlingame RP, Berry A, Running JA (2005) Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli for industrial production of glucosamine and N-acetylglucosamine. Metab Eng 7:201–214
Kennedy MJ, Reader SL, Davies RJ, Rhoades DA, Silby HW (1994) The scale up of mycelial shake flask fermentations: a case study of gamma-linolenic acid production by Mucor hiemalis IRL 51. J Ind Microbiol 13:212–216
Siedenberg D, Gerlach SR, Schugerl K, Giuseppin MLF, Hunik J (1998) Production of xylanase by Aspergillus awamori on synthetic medium in shake flask cultures. Process Biochem 33:429–433
Wang ZJ, Wang HY, Li YL, Chu J, Huang MZ, Zhuang YP, Zhang SL (2010) Improved vitamin B12 production by step-wise reduction of oxygen uptake rate under dissolved oxygen limiting level during fermentation process. Bioresour Technol 101:2845–2852
Abdul-Aziz S, Fernandez CC, Salleh MM, Illias RM, Hassan MA (2008) Effect of agitation and aeration rates on chitinase production using Trichoderma virens UKM1 in 2-l stirred tank reactor. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 150:193–204
Bodizs L, Titica M, Faria N, Srinivasan B, Dochain D, Bonvin D (2007) Oxygen control for an industrial pilot-scale fed-batch filamentous fungal fermentation. J Process Control 17:595–606
Moyer AJ (1953) Effect of methanol on the mycological production of citric acid in surface and submerged culture. Appl Microbiol 1:1–7
Haq IU, Ali S, Qadeer MA, Iqbal J (2003) Stimulatory effect of alcohols (methanol and ethanol) on citric acid productivity by a 2-deoxy-d-glucose resistant culture of Aspergillus niger GCB-47. Bioresour Technol 86:227–233
Chmielowski RA, Wu HS, Wang SS (2007) Scale-up of upstream and downstream operations of the production of glucosamine using microbial fermentation. Biotechnol J 2:996–1006
Sparringa RA, Owens JD (1999) Short communication: glucosamine content of tempe mould, Rhizopus oligosporus. Int J Microbiol 47:153–157
Carter SB, Nokes SE, Crofcheck CL (2004) The influence of environmental temperature and substrate initial moisture content on Aspergillus niger growth and phytase production in solid state cultivation. Trans ASAE 47:945–949
Yu KW, Kim YS, Shin KS, Kim JM, Suh HJ (2005) Macrophage stimulating activity of exo-biopolymer from cultured rice bran with Monascus pilosus. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 126:35–48
Liao W, Liu Y, Frear C, Chen S (2008) Co-production of fumaric acid and chitin from a nitrogen-rich lignocellulosic material-dairy manure using a pelletized filamentous fungus Rhizopus oryzae ATCC 2034. Bioresour Technol 99:5859–5866
Acknowledgments
This work was financially supported by the National High-tech R&D Program of China (863 Program: 2012AA021504) and the Taishan Scholar Program of Shandong.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Wang, S., Li, P., Su, J. et al. Enhanced Glucosamine Production with Actinomucor elegans Based on Stimulating Factor of Methanol. Indian J Microbiol 54, 459–465 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12088-014-0485-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12088-014-0485-5