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Does International Normalized Ratio Level Predict Pulmonary Embolism?

  • Symposium: Papers Presented at the Annual Meetings of The Hip Society
  • Published:
Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research®

Abstract

Background

Preventing pulmonary embolism is a priority after major musculoskeletal surgery. The literature contains discrepant data regarding the influence of anticoagulation on the incidence of pulmonary embolism after joint arthroplasty. The American College of Chest Physicians guidelines recommend administration of oral anticoagulants (warfarin), aiming for an international normalized ratio (INR) level between 2 and 3. However, recent studies show aggressive anticoagulation (INR > 2) can lead to hematoma formation and increased risk of subsequent infection.

Questions/purposes

We asked whether an INR greater than 2 protects against pulmonary embolism.

Patients and Methods

We identified 9112 patients with 10,122 admissions for joint arthroplasty between 2004 and 2008. All patients received warfarin for prophylaxis, aiming for an INR level of 2 or lower. We assessed 609 of 10,122 admissions (6%) for pulmonary embolism using CT, ventilation/perfusion scan, or pulmonary angiography, and 163 of 10,122 admissions (1.6%) had a proven pulmonary embolism.

Results

Fifteen of 163 admissions (9%) had an INR greater than 2 before or on the day of workup compared to 35 of 446 admissions (8%) who were negative. We observed no difference between the INR values in patients with or without pulmonary embolism.

Conclusions

We found no clinically relevant difference in the INR values of patients who did or did not develop pulmonary embolism. The risk of bleeding should be weighed against the risk of pulmonary embolism when determining an appropriate target INR for each patient, as an INR less than 2 may reduce the risk of bleeding while still protecting against pulmonary embolism.

Level of Evidence

Level III, therapeutic study. See Instructions to Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. The Rothman Institute of Orthopaedics, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, 925 Chestnut Street, 5th Floor, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA

    Patricia Hansen BS, Benjamin Zmistowski BS, Camilo Restrepo MD, Javad Parvizi MD, FRCS & Richard H. Rothman MD, PhD

Authors
  1. Patricia Hansen BS
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  2. Benjamin Zmistowski BS
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  3. Camilo Restrepo MD
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  4. Javad Parvizi MD, FRCS
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  5. Richard H. Rothman MD, PhD
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Patricia Hansen BS.

Additional information

Javad Parvizi is a consultant for Stryker Orthopaedics (Mahwah, NJ) and has intellectual properties on SmarTech (Philadelphia, PA); Richard H. Rothman receives royalties and is a consultant for Stryker Orthopaedics (Mahwah, NJ).

Each author certifies that his/her institution has approved the human protocol for this investigation and that all investigations were conducted in conformity with ethical principles of research.

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Hansen, P., Zmistowski, B., Restrepo, C. et al. Does International Normalized Ratio Level Predict Pulmonary Embolism?. Clin Orthop Relat Res 470, 547–554 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11999-011-2007-7

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11999-011-2007-7

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