Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Changes in Hypertension Prevalence, Awareness, Treatment, and Control in High-, Middle-, and Low-Income Countries: An Update

  • Novel Treatments for Hypertension (T Unger, Section Editor)
  • Published:
Current Hypertension Reports Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The aim of this paper was to critically evaluate recent publications on hypertension treatment and control in regions by income. Prevalence of hypertension is increasing worldwide, most prominently in low-income countries. Awareness, treatment, and control are most successful in North America while remaining a challenge in middle- and low-income countries. Easy access to medical care and aggressive use of pharmacotherapy are the key strategies which have proved to be successful in reducing the burden of hypertension on the population level.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

Papers of particular interest, published recently, have been highlighted as: • Of importance •• Of major importance

  1. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs317/en/accessed 18.04.2016.

  2. Chobanian AV. Shattuck Lecture. The hypertension paradox—more uncontrolled disease despite improved therapy. N Engl J Med. 2009;361(9):878–87. doi:10.1056/NEJMsa0903829.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Kearney PM, Whelton M, Reynolds K, Muntner P, Whelton PK, He J. Global burden of hypertension: analysis of worldwide data. Lancet. 2005;365(9455):217–23.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Global Burden of Metabolic Risk Factors for Chronic Diseases Collaboration. Cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, and diabetes mortality burden of cardiometabolic risk factors from 1980 to 2010: a comparative risk assessment. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2014;2(8):634–47. doi:10.1016/S2213-8587(14)70102-0. CVD, CKD, and diabetes mortality attributable to elevated BP and glucose serum cholesterol, and BMI were estimated.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Wilber JA, Barrow JG. Hypertension—a community problem. Am J Med. 1972;52(5):653–63.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Wolf-Maier K, Cooper RS, Kramer H, Banegas JR, Giampaoli S, Joffres MR, et al. Hypertension treatment and control in five European countries, Canada, and the United States. Hypertension. 2004;43(1):10–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Yoon SS, Fryar CD, Carroll MD. Hypertension prevalence and control among adults: United States, 2011–2014. U.S. National Center Health Statistics, Data Brief No. 220, 8 pp. (PHS) 2016-1209. November 2015.

  8. Leenen FH, Dumais J, McInnis NH, Turton P, Stratychuk L, Nemeth K, Moy Lum-Kwong M, Fodor G. Results of the Ontario survey on the prevalence and control of hypertension. CMAJ 2008 20;178(11):1441–9. doi: 10.1503/cmaj.071340.

  9. McAlister FA, Wilkins K, Joffres M, Leenen FH, Fodor G, Gee M, et al. Changes in the rates of awareness, treatment and control of hypertension in Canada over the past two decades. CMAJ. 2011;183(9):1007–13. doi:10.1503/cmaj.101767.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Myers MG, McInnis NH, Fodor GJ, Leenen FH. Comparison between an automated and manual sphygmomanometer in a population survey. Am J Hypertens. 2008;21(3):280–3. doi:10.1038/ajh.2007.54.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Törmä E, Carlberg B, Eriksson M, Jansson JH, Eliasson M. Long term trends in control of hypertension in the Northern Sweden MONICA study 1986-2009. BMC Public Health. 2015;15:957. doi:10.1186/s12889-015-2280-6.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  12. Rückert IM, Baumert J, Schunk M, Holle R, Schipf S, Völzke H, et al. Blood pressure control has improved in people with and without type 2 diabetes but remains suboptimal: a longitudinal study based on the German DIAB-CORE consortium. PLoS One. 2015;10(7):e0133493. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0133493. eCollection 2015.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  13. Neuhauser HK, Adler C, Rosario AS, Diederichs C, Ellert U. Hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment and control in Germany 1998 and 2008–11. J Hum Hypertens. 2015;29(4):247–53. doi:10.1038/jhh.2014.82.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Polonia J, Martins L, Pinto F, Nazare J. Prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of hypertension and salt intake in Portugal: changes over a decade. PHYSA study J Hypertens. 2014;32(6):1211–21. doi:10.1097/HJH.0000000000000162.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Reklaitiene R, Tamosiunas A, Virviciute D, Baceviciene M, Luksiene D. Trends in prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension, and the risk of mortality among middle-aged Lithuanian urban population in 1983–2009. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2012;12:68. doi:10.1186/1471-2261-12-68.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  16. Dorobanţu M, Darabont R, Ghiorghe S, Arsenescu-Georgescu C, Macarie C, Mitu F, et al. Hypertension prevalence and control in Romania at a seven-year interval. Comparison of SEPHAR I and II surveys. J Hypertens. 2014;32(1):39–47. doi:10.1097/01.hjh.0000434937.62412.24.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Lovic D, Stojanov V, Jakovljević B, Krotin M, Jurisic V, Djordjevic D, et al. Prevalence of arterial hypertension in Serbia: PAHIS study. J Hypertens. 2013;31(11):2151–7. doi:10.1097/HJH.0b013e328364c2a2. discussion 2157.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Liao Y, Gilmour S, Shibuya K. Health insurance coverage and hypertension control in China: results from the China Health and Nutrition Survey. PLoS One. 2016;11(3):e0152091. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0152091. eCollection 2016.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  19. Sengul S, Akpolat T, Erdem Y, Derici U, Arici M, Sindel S, Karatan O, Turgan C, Hasanoglu E, Caglar S, Erturk S; Turkish Society of Hypertension and Renal Diseases. Changes in hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control rates in Turkey from 2003 to 2012. J Hypertens 2016 Mar 17. [Epub ahead of print]

  20. Anchala R, Kannuri NK, Pant H, Khan H, Franco OH, Di Angelantonio E, et al. Hypertension in India: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence, awareness, and control of hypertension. J Hypertens. 2014;32(6):1170–7. doi:10.1097/HJH.0000000000000146. A systematic review of epidemiology of hypertension in India from 1950 to 2013.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  21. Jin C-N, Yu C-M, Sun J-P, Fang F, Wen Y-N, Liu M, et al. The healthcare burden of hypertension in Asia. Heart Asia. 2013;5:238–43.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  22. Basu S, Millett C. Social epidemiology of hypertension in middle-income countries: determinants of prevalence, diagnosis, treatment, and control in the WHO SAGE study. Hypertension. 2013;62(1):18–26. doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.113.01374. Identification of socio-demographic predictors of hypertension prevalence, diagnosis, treatment, and control in 6 middle-income countries.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Ataklte F, Erqou S, Kaptoge S, Taye B, Echouffo-Tcheugui JB, Kengne AP. Burden of undiagnosed hypertension in sub-saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hypertension. 2015;65(2):291–8. doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.114.04394. A systematic review of hypertension studies in sub-Saharan Africa between 2000 and 2013.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Bosu WK. The prevalence, awareness, and control of hypertension among workers in West Africa: a systematic review. Glob Health Action. 2015;8:26227. doi:10.3402/gha.v8.26227. eCollection 2015.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Neupane D, McLachlan CS, Sharma R, Gyawali B, Khanal V, Mishra SR, et al. Prevalence of hypertension in member countries of South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC): systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2014;93(13):e74. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000000074.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Redón J, Cea-Calvo L, Lozano JV, Martí-Canales JC, Llisterri JL, Aznar J. González-Esteban J; on behalf of the investigators of the PREV-ICTUS Study. Differences in blood pressure control and stroke mortality across Spain. The Prevención de Riesgo de Ictus (PREV-ICTUS) Study. Hypertension. 2007;49(4):799–805.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Cooper RS. Using public health indicators to measure the success of hypertension control. Hypertension 2007;49(4):773–4. Epub 2007 Feb 19. No abstract available.

  28. Redon J, Olsen MH, Cooper RS, Zurriaga O, Martinez-Beneito MA, Laurent S, et al. Stroke mortality and trends from 1990 to 2006 in 39 countries from Europe and Central Asia: implications for control of high blood pressure. Eur Heart J. 2011;32(11):1424–31. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehr045.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Feigin VL, Forouzanfar MH, Krishnamurthi R, Mensah GA, Connor M, Bennett DA, Moran AE, Sacco RL, Anderson L, Truelsen T, O'Donnell M, Venketasubramanian N, Barker-Collo S, Lawes CM, Wang W, Shinohara Y, Witt E, Ezzati M, Naghavi M, Murray C; Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2010 (GBD 2010) and the GBD Stroke Experts Group. Global and regional burden of stroke during 1990-2010: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet 2014;383(9913):245–54. Review. Erratum in: Lancet 2014;383(9913):218. This study is the first to report the global burden of stroke (incidence, prevalence, mortality, DALYs lost, and mortality-to-incidence ratios).

  30. Cutler JA, Sorlie PD, Wolz M, Thom T, Fields LE, Roccella EJ. Trends in hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control rates in United States adults between 1988–1994 and 1999–2004. Hypertension. 2008;52(5):818–27. doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.108.113357.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. http://www.who.int/nmh/events/un_ncd_summit2011/political_declaration_en.pdf; accessed 22.04.2016.

  32. O'Donnell M, Mente A, Yusuf S. Commentary: accepting what we don't know will lead to progress. Int J Epidemiol. 2016;45(1):260–2. doi:10.1093/ije/dyw014.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Webster JL, Dunford EK, Hawkes C, Neal BC. Salt reduction initiatives around the world. J Hypertens. 2011;29(6):1043–50. doi:10.1097/HJH.0b013e328345ed83.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Semlitsch T, Jeitler K, Berghold A, Horvath K, Posch N, Poggenburg S, Siebenhofer A. Long-term effects of weight-reducing diets in people with hypertension. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2016, Issue 3. Art. No.: CD008274. DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD008274.pub3.

  35. Cutler DM, Long G, Berndt ER, Royer J, Fournier AA, Sasser A, et al. The value of antihypertensive drugs: a perspective on medical innovation. Health Aff (Millwood). 2007;26(1):97–110.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Oparil S, Schmieder RE. New approaches in the treatment of hypertension. Circ Res. 2015;116(6):1074–95. doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.116.303603.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The manuscript was supported by grant No. 15-27109A provided by the Ministry of Health of the Czech Republic.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Renata Cifkova.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of Interest

Prof. Cifkova, Prof. Fodor and Dr. Wohlfahrt declare no conflicts of interest.

Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent

This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.

Additional information

This article is part of the Topical Collection on Novel Treatments for Hypertension

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Cifkova, R., Fodor, G. & Wohlfahrt, P. Changes in Hypertension Prevalence, Awareness, Treatment, and Control in High-, Middle-, and Low-Income Countries: An Update. Curr Hypertens Rep 18, 62 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11906-016-0669-y

Download citation

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11906-016-0669-y

Keywords

Navigation