Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Best Strategy in the Approach of Advanced Colorectal Cancer: Aggressive or Non-aggressive Chemotherapy?

  • Therapeutic Approaches to Metastatic Colorectal Cancers (E Díaz-Rubio, Section Editor)
  • Published:
Current Colorectal Cancer Reports

Abstract

Teatment for metastatic colorectal cancer has advanced beyond single-agent fluoropyrimidine to include various cytotoxic agents, with or without targeted therapies. However, cure rates are still low and limited to those patients who are able to undergo surgery for resection of metastases. The number of possible drug combinations with activity against the disease has skyrocketed and the decision on which treatment to use has become a challenge. Additionally, there is growing agreement that not all tumors present and behave the same way, and that there is a need for further individualization of therapy. Questions remain about how to further optimize therapy between three distinct groups of patients: initially resectable, potentially resectable and definitively unresectable. In this review, we will discuss which patients might benefit better from each strategy.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

Papers of particular interest, published recently, have been highlighted as: • Of importance •• Of major importance

  1. Folprecht G, Grothey A, Alberts S, et al. Neoadjuvant treatment of unresectable colorectal liver metastases: correlation between tumour response and resection rates. Ann Oncol. 2005;16:1311–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. • Richman SD, Seymour MT, Chambers P, et al. KRAS and BRAF mutations in advanced colorectal cancer are associated with poor prognosis but do not preclude benefit from oxaliplatin or irinotecan: results from the MRC FOCUS trial. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27:5931–7. KRAS/BRAF mutation is associated with poor prognosis but is not a predictive biomarker for irinotecan or oxaliplatin.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. de Gramont A, Figer A, Seymour M, et al. Leucovorin and fluorouracil with or without oxaliplatin as first-line treatment in advanced colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2000;18:2938–47.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Saltz LB, Cox JV, Blanke C, et al. Irinotecan plus fluorouracil and leucovorin for metastatic colorectal cancer. Irinotecan Study Group. N Engl J Med. 2000;343:905–14.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Douillard JY, Cunningham D, Roth AD, et al. Irinotecan combined with fluorouracil compared with fluorouracil alone as first-line treatment for metastatic colorectal cancer: a multicentre randomised trial. Lancet. 2000;355:1041–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Koopman M, Antonini NF, Douma J, et al. Sequential versus combination chemotherapy with capecitabine, irinotecan, and oxaliplatin in advanced colorectal cancer (CAIRO): a phase III randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2007;370:135–42.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Seymour MT, Maughan TS, Ledermann JA, et al. FOCUS Trial Investigators; National Cancer Research Institute Colorectal Clinical Studies Group. Different strategies of sequential and combination chemotherapy for patients with poor prognosis advanced colorectal cancer (MRC FOCUS): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2007;370:143–52.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Bouché O, Castaing M, Etienne PL, et al. Randomized strategical trial of chemotherapy in metastatic colorectal cancer (FFCD 2000–05): preliminary results. J Clin Oncol ASCO Annual Meeting Proceedings (Post-Meeting Edition). 2007;25(18S):4069.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Hurwitz H, Fehrenbacher L, Novotny W, et al. Bevacizumab plus irinotecan, fluorouracil, and leucovorin for metastatic colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:2335–42.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Giantonio BJ. Bevacizumab in the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) in second- and third-line settings. Semin Oncol. 2006;33:S15–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Van Cutsem E, Hoff PM, Harper P, et al. Oral capecitabine vs intravenous 5-fluorouracil and leucovorin: integrated efficacy data and novel analyses from two large, randomised, phase III trials. Br J Cancer. 2004;90:1190–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Douillard JY, Hoff PM, Skillings JR, et al. Multicenter phase III study of uracil/tegafur and oral leucovorin versus fluorouracil and leucovorin in patients with previously untreated metastatic colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2002;20:3605–16.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Hochster HS, Hart LL, Ramanathan RK, et al. Safety and efficacy of oxaliplatin and fluoropyrimidine regimens with or without bevacizumab as first-line treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer: results of the TREE Study. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26:3523–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Cassidy J, Clarke S, Diaz-Rubio E, et al. Randomized phase III study of capecitabine plus oxaliplatin compared with fluorouracil/folinic acid plus oxaliplatin as first-line therapy for metastatic colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26:2006–12.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Falcone A, Ricci S, Brunetti I, et al. Phase III trial of infusional fluorouracil, leucovorin, oxaliplatin, and irinotecan (FOLFOXIRI) compared with infusional fluorouracil, leucovorin, and irinotecan (FOLFIRI) as first-line treatment for metastatic colorectal cancer: the Gruppo Oncologico Nord Ovest. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25:1670–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Saltz LB, Clarke S, Díaz-Rubio E, et al. Bevacizumab in combination with oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy as first-line therapy in metastatic colorectal cancer: a randomized phase III study. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26:2013–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. • Sobrero A, Ackland S, Clarke S, et al. Phase IV study of bevacizumab in combination with infusional fluorouracil, leucovorin and irinotecan (FOLFIRI) in first-line metastatic colorectal cancer. Oncology. 2009;77:113–9. Bevacizumab combined with first-line FOLFIRI is an effective and well-tolerated therapy option for patients with metastatic CRC.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. •• Van Cutsem E, Kohne CH, Hitre E, et al. Cetuximab and chemotherapy as initial treatment for metastatic colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2009;360:1408–17. First-line treatment with cetuximab plus FOLFIRI, as compared with FOLFIRI alone, reduced the risk of progression of metastatic colorectal cancer in patients with KRAS wild-type tumors.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. • Douillard JY, Siena S, Cassidy J, et al. Randomized, phase III trial of panitumumab with infusional fluorouracil, leucovorin, and oxaliplatin (FOLFOX4) versus FOLFOX4 alone as first-line treatment in patients with previously untreated metastatic colorectal cancer: the PRIME study. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28:4697–705. Panitumumab-FOLFOX4 schedule was well tolerated and significantly improved PFS in patients with WT KRAS tumors. This phase III study was the only one that showed therapeutic benefit in adding anti-EGFR-based chemotherapy oxaliplatin.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. • Tveit KM, Guren T, Glimelius B, et al. Phase III trial of cetuximab with continuous or intermittent fluorouracil, leucovorin, and oxaliplatin (Nordic FLOX) versus FLOX alone in first-line treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer: the NORDIC-VII Study. J Clin Oncol. 30 (ahead of print on April 2), 2012. Adding cetuximab to chemotherapy regimen Nordic FLOX does not add clinical benefit.

  21. Grothey A, Sargent D, Goldberg RM, Schmoll HJ. Survival of patients with advanced colorectal cancer improves with the availability of fluorouracil-leucovorin, irinotecan, and oxaliplatin in the course of treatment. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22:1209–14.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Tournigand C, André T, Achille E, et al. FOLFIRI followed by FOLFOX6 or the reverse sequence in advanced colorectal cancer: a randomized GERCOR study. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22:229–37.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Giantonio BJ, Catalano PJ, Meropol NJ, et al. Bevacizumab in combination with oxaliplatin, fluorouracil, and leucovorin (FOLFOX4) for previously treated metastatic colorectal cancer: results from the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Study E3200. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25:1539–44.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Grothey A, Sugrue MM, Purdie DM, et al. Bevacizumab beyond first progression is associated with prolonged overall survival in metastatic colorectal cancer: results from a large observational cohort study (BRiTE). J Clin Oncol. 2008;26:5326–34.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Sobrero AF, Maurel J, Fehrenbacher L, et al. EPIC: phase III trial of cetuximab plus irinotecan after fluoropyrimidine and oxaliplatin failure in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26:2311–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Abstracts of the 33rd ESMO (European Society for Medical Oncology) Congress. Stockholm, Sweden. September 12–16, 2008. Ann Oncol. 2008;19 Suppl 8:viii21–287.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Cohn A, Smith DA, Neubauer MA, et al. Final results from PRECEPT: efficacy and safety of second-line treatment with panitumumab and FOLFIRI in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). Eur J Cancer. 2009;14LBA:10.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Cunningham D, Humblet Y, Siena S, et al. Cetuximab monotherapy and cetuximab plus irinotecan in irinotecan-refractory metastatic colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:337–45.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Jonker DJ, O’Callaghan CJ, Karapetis CS, et al. Cetuximab for the treatment of colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2007;357:2040–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Van Cutsem E, Peeters M, Siena S, et al. Open-label phase III trial of panitumumab plus best supportive care compared with best supportive care alone in patients with chemotherapy-refractory metastatic colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25:1658–64.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Chen HX, Mooney M, Boron M, et al. Phase II multicenter trial of bevacizumab plus fluorouracil and leucovorin in patients with advanced refractory colorectal cancer: an NCI Treatment Referral Center Trial TRC-0301. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24:3354–60.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Tournigand C, Cervantes A, Figer A, et al. OPTIMOX1: a randomized study of FOLFOX4 or FOLFOX7 with oxaliplatin in a stop-and-Go fashion in advanced colorectal cancer—a GERCOR study. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24:394–400.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Maindrault-Goebel F, de Gramont A, Louvet C, et al. Oncology Multidisciplinary Research Group (GERCOR). High-dose intensity oxaliplatin added to the simplified bimonthly leucovorin and 5-fluorouracil regimen as second-line therapy for metastatic colorectal cancer (FOLFOX 7). Eur J Cancer. 2001;37:1000–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. de Gramont A, Buyse M, Abrahantes JC, et al. Reintroduction of oxaliplatin is associated with improved survival in advanced colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25:3224–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Grothey A, Hart LL, Rowland KM, et al. Intermittent oxaliplatin (oxali) administration and time-to-treatment-failure (TTF) in metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC): final results of the phase III CONcePT trial. J Clin Oncol ASCO Annual Meeting Proceedings. 2008;26:4010.

    Google Scholar 

  36. • Chibaude B, Maindrault-Goebel F, Lledo G, et al. Can chemotherapy be discontinued in unresectable metastatic colorectal cancer? The GERCOR OPTIMOX2 Study. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27:5727–33. These results suggest that chemotherapy discontinuation cannot be decided before therapy is initiated in patients with advanced colorectal cancer. Perhaps those patients who had an exceptional response to chemotherapy, deserve maintenance treatment.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Perez-Staub N, Chibaudel B, Figer A, et al. Who benefit from chemotherapy holidays after first-line therapy for advanced colorectal cancer? A GERCOR study. J Clin Oncol ASCO Annual Meeting Proceedings. 2008;26:4037.

    Google Scholar 

  38. • Alberts SR, Poston GJ. Treatment advances in liver-limited metastatic colorectal cancer. Clin Colorectal Cancer. 2011;10:258–65. Importance of resection of hepatic metastases in the treatment of mCRC.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. • Ferrarotto R, Pathak P, Maru D, et al. Durable complete responses in metastatic colorectal cancer treated with chemotherapy alone. Clin Colorectal Cancer. 2011;10:178–82. The chance of patients with mCRC are disease free at 5 years with chemotherapy alone is almost nil. Therefore, the importance when assessing whether a patient is not subject to surgical resection of metastases.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Vauthey JN, Choti MA, Helton WS. AHPBA/SSO/SSAT Consensus Conference on hepatic colorectal metastases: rationale and overview of the conference. January 25, 2006. Ann Surg Oncol. 2006;13:1259–60.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Townsend A, Price T, Karapetis C. Selective internal radiation therapy for liver metastases from colorectal cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009;7:CD007045.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Van De Wiele C, Defreyne L, Peeters M, Lambert B. Yttrium-90 labelled resin microspheres for treatment of primary and secondary malignant liver tumors. Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2009;53:317–24.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Bismuth H, Adam R, Lévi F, et al. Resection of nonresectable liver metastases from colorectal cancer after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Ann Surg. 1996;224:509–20.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Alberts SR, Horvath WL, Sternfeld WC, et al. Oxaliplatin, fluorouracil, and leucovorin for patients with unresectable liver-only metastases from colorectal cancer: a North Central Cancer Treatment Group phase II study. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:9243–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Pozzo C, Basso M, Cassano A, et al. Neoadjuvant treatment of unresectable liver disease with irinotecan and 5-fluorouracil plus folinic acid in colorectal cancer patients. Ann Oncol. 2004;15:933–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. •• Folprecht G, Gruenberger T, Bechstein WO, et al. Tumour response and secondary resectability of colorectal liver metastases following neoadjuvant chemotherapy with cetuximab: the CELIM randomised phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2010;11:38–47. Phase II study demonstrating the ability to convert unresectable to resectable liver metastases associated with FOLFIRI with cetuximab.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Nordlinger B, Sorbye H, Glimelius B, et al. Perioperative chemotherapy with FOLFOX4 and surgery versus surgery alone for resectable liver metastases from colorectal cancer (EORTC Intergroup trial 40983): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2008;371:1007–16.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Mitry E, Fields AL, Bleiberg H, et al. Adjuvant chemotherapy after potentially curative resection of metastases from colorectal cancer: a pooled analysis of two randomized trials. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26:4906–11.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. • Ychou M, Hohenberger W, Thezenas S, et al. A randomized phase III study comparing adjuvant 5-fluorouracil/folinic acid with FOLFIRI in patients following complete resection of liver metastases from colorectal cancer. Ann Oncol. 2009;20:1964–70. Irinotecan-based chemotherapy should not be used in an adjuvant setting due to lack of benefit when compared to 5FU alone.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. • Chun YS, Laurent A, Maru D, et al. Management of chemotherapy-associated hepatotoxicity in colorectal liver metastases. Lancet Oncol. 2009;10:278–86. Both oxaliplatin and irinotecan, cause liver damage with prolonged use, and this should be taken into account especially in the setting of conversion therapy.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Vauthey JN, Pawlik TM, Ribero D, et al. Chemotherapy regimen predicts steatohepatitis and an increase in 90-day mortality after surgery for hepatic colorectal metastases. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24:2065–72.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. • Brouquet A, Benoist S, Julie C, et al. Risk factors for chemotherapy-associated liver injuries: a multivariate analysis of a group of 146 patients with colorectal metastases. Surgery. 2009;145:362–71. Both oxaliplatin and irinotecan, cause liver damage with prolonged use, and this should be taken into account especially in the setting of conversion therapy.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Ryan P, Nanji S, Pollett A, et al. Chemotherapy-induced liver injury in metastatic colorectal cancer: semiquantitative histologic analysis of 334 resected liver specimens shows that vascular injury but not steatohepatitis is associated with preoperative chemotherapy. Am J Surg Phatol. 2010;34:784–91.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Allen PJ, Kemeny N, Jarnagin W, et al. Importance of response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in patients undergoing resection of synchronous colorectal liver metastases. J Gastrointest Surg. 2003;7:109–15.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Benoist S, Brouquet A, Penna C, et al. Complete response of colorectal liver metastases after chemotherapy: does it mean cure? J Clin Oncol. 2006;24:3939–45.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. • Tan KK, Lopes Gde Jr L, Sim R. How uncommon are isolated lung metastases in colorectal cancer? A review from database of 754 patients over 4 years. J Gastrointest Surg. 2009;13:642–8. The true incidence of isolated lung without liver metastases in colorectal cancer is likely to lie between 1.7 % and 7.2 %.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. • Lin BR, Chang TC, Lee YC, et al. Pulmonary resection for colorectal cancer metastases: duration between cancer onset and lung metastasis as an important prognostic factor. Ann Surg Oncol. 2009;16:1026–32. Pulmonary resection, initial or even repeated resection for metastatic tumor from colorectal cancer should be encouraged for selected patients.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. • Onaitis MW, Petersen RP, Haney JC, et al. Prognostic factors for recurrence after pulmonary resection of colorectal cancer metastases. Ann Thorac Surg. 2009;87:1684–8. Age younger than 65 years, female sex, disease free interval less than 1 year, and number of metastases greater than three predict recurrence after resection of pulmonary metastases.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Tomimaru Y, Noura S, Ohue M, et al. Metastatic tumor doubling time is an independent predictor of intrapulmonary recurrence after pulmonary resection of solitary pulmonary metastasis from colorectal cancer. Dig Surg. 2008;25:220–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Marudanayagam R, Ramkumar K, Shanmugam V, et al. Long-term outcome after sequential resections of liver and lung metastases from colorectal carcinoma. HPB. 2009;11:671–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Shah SA, Haddad R, Al-Sukhni W, et al. Surgical resection of hepatic and pulmonary metastases from colorectal carcinoma. J Am Coll Surg. 2006;202:468–75.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Miller G, Biernacki P, Kemeny NE, et al. Outcomes after resection of synchronous or metachronous hepatic and pulmonary colorectal metastases. J Am Coll Surg. 2007;205:231–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Kanemitsu Y, Kato T, Hirai T, Yasui K. Preoperative probability model for predicting overall survival after resection of pulmonary metastases from colorectal cancer. Br J Surg. 2004;91:112–20.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Jayne DG, Fook S, Loi C, Seow-Choen F. Peritoneal carcinomatosis from colorectal cancer. Br J Surg. 2002;89:1545–50.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Carmignani CP, Sugarbaker TA, Bromley CM, Sugarbaker PH. Intraperitoneal cancer dissemination: mechanisms of the patterns of spread. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 2003;22:465–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Elias D, Raynard B, Farkhondeh F, et al. Peritoneal carcinomatosis of colorectal origin. Gastroenterol Clin Biol. 2006;30:1200–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Shen P, Hawksworth J, Lovato J, et al. Cytoreductive surgery and intraperitoneal hyperthermic chemotherapy with mitomycin C for peritoneal carcinomatosis from nonappendiceal colorectal carcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol. 2004;11:178–86.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. • Ferrarotto R, Machado K, Mak MP, et al. A multicenter, multinational analysis of mitomycin C in refractory metastatic colorectal cancer. Eur J Cancer. 2012;48:820–6. Mitomycin showed no benefit compared to best supportive care after failure to regimens based on oxaliplatin and irinotecan.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. • Cavaliere F, De Simone M, Virzì S, et al. Prognostic factors and oncologic outcome in 146 patients with colorectal peritoneal carcinomatosis treated with cytoreductive surgery combined with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy: Italian multicenter study S.I.T.I.L.O. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2011;37:148–54. In highly selected patients, surgical peritoneal cytoreduction can be added in increments of survival.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Rietbroek RC, van de Vaart PJ, Haveman J, et al. Hyperthermia enhances the cytotoxicity and platinum-DNA adduct formation of lobaplatin and oxaliplatin in cultured SW 1573 cells. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 1997;123:6–12.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Panteix G, Guillaumont M, Cherpin L, et al. Study of the pharmacokinetics of mitomycin C in humans during intraperitoneal chemohyperthermia with special mention of the concentration in local tissues. Oncology. 1993;50:366–70.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Glehen O, Kwiatkowski F, Sugarbaker PH, et al. Cytoreductive surgery combined with perioperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy for the management of peritoneal carcinomatosis from colorectal cancer: a multi-institutional study. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22:3284–92.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. • Elias D, Gilly F, Boutitie F, et al. Peritoneal colorectal carcinomatosis treated with surgery and perioperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy: retrospective analysis of 523 patients from a multicentric French study. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28:63–8. In highly selected patients, surgical peritoneal cytoreduction can be added in increments of survival.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Carmignani CP, Ortega-Perez G, Sugarbaker PH. The management of synchronous peritoneal carcinomatosis and hematogenous metastasis from colorectal cancer. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2004;30:391–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Portilla AG, Shigeki K, Dario B, Marcello D. The intraoperative staging systems in the management of peritoneal surface malignancy. J Surg Oncol. 2008;98:228–31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Chua TC, Morris DL, Saxena A, et al. Influence of modern systemic therapies as adjunct to cytoreduction and perioperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy for patients with colorectal peritoneal carcinomatosis: a multicenter study. Ann Surg Oncol. 2011;18:1560–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Taïeb J, Artru P, Paye F, et al. Intensive systemic chemotherapy combined with surgery for metastatic colorectal cancer: results of a phase II study. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:502–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. • de Gramont AH, Lesparre B, Chibaudel O, et al. Definition of oxaliplatin sensitivity in patients with advanced colorectal cancer previously treated with oxaliplatin-based therapy. J Clin Oncol ASCO Meeting Abstracts. 2009;27:4024. Patients who have oxaliplatin-free interval over 12 months, are good candidates for re-exposure to the drug.

    Google Scholar 

  79. Labianca R, FlorianiI CE; Italian Group for the Study of Digestive Tract, et al. Can alternating versus continuous “FOLFIRI” in advanced colorectal cancer (ACC): a randomized “GISCAD” trial. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24:abstract 3505.

  80. •• Cutsem EV, Tabernero J, Lakony R, et al. Intravenous (IV) Aflibercept versus Placebo in combination with Irinotecan/5-FU (FOLFIRI) for second-line treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC): Results of a multinational Phase III Trial (EFC10262—VELOUR). Ann Oncol. 2011;22(suppl 5). Abstract O-0024. Aflibercept, a new anti-angiogenic drug, plus second-line FOLFIRI demonstrated statistically significant survival benefit.

  81. •• Grothey A, Sobrero AF, Siena S, et al. Results of a phase III randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial (CORRECT) of regorafenib plus best supportive care (BSC) versus placebo plus BSC in patients (pts) with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) who have progressed after standard therapies. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30:LBA385. Only therapy that has demonstrated, at this moment, gain survival after failed all other active therapies form mCRC.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Disclosure

R. Ferrarotto: none; J. Sabbaga: board membership (Bayer, Merck), speakers’ bureaus (Bayer, Roche); F.C. Capareli: none; D. F. Saragiotto: none; P.M. Hoff: none.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Paulo M. Hoff.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Ferrarotto, R., Sabbaga, J., Capareli, F.C. et al. Best Strategy in the Approach of Advanced Colorectal Cancer: Aggressive or Non-aggressive Chemotherapy?. Curr Colorectal Cancer Rep 8, 177–185 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11888-012-0131-8

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11888-012-0131-8

Keywords

Navigation