Abstract
The levels of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and metals (Al, As, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb, Tl, V, and Zn) in particulate matter (PM10) were determined in ambient air at selected two sampling points located under the influence of a cement plant and a background/control sampling point in Büyükçekmece Istanbul. The samplings of PM10, PCDD/Fs, and PAHs were carried out simultaneously from September 2011 to November 2012 with EN 12384, EPA TO-9A, and EPA TO-13A, respectively. Quartz-fiber filters and glass adsorbent cartridge containing the polyurethane foam (PUF) are installed in air sampler for PAHs and PCDD/Fs sampling. The mean concentrations of PCDD/Fs in SP-1, SP-2, and SP-3 (control point) were 5.5 ± 1.7 fg I-TEQ m−3, 8.5 ± 2.6 fg I-TEQ (International Toxic Equivalents) m−3, and 0.2 ± 0.1 fg I-TEQ m−3, respectively. The higher PAHs and BaP concentrations during winter were probably due to increasing emissions from residential heating. Ca, Mg, Al, Fe, K, and Na showed elevated concentration values compared to other metals, with mean values of 10,401 ± 1,050 and 3,934 ± 397, 473 ± 43 and 301 ± 27, 1,478 ± 177 and 1,465 ± 176, 1,168 ± 151 and 934 ± 121, 700 ± 69 and 1,380 ± 137, and 1,181 ± 94 and 434 ± 35 ng m−3 in the sampling and control points, respectively. The results of principal component analysis (PCA) and Pearson correlation analysis were consistent with those of literature for similar areas and showed a clear distinction between the sampling points and the source profiles. The ambient air concentrations of PCDD/Fs, PAHs, and metals in the vicinity of a cement plant were presented for the first time in Turkey through this work.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abad E, Martinez K, Gustems L, Gomez R, Guinart X, Hernandez I (2007) Ten years measuring PCDDs/PCDFs in ambient air in Catalonia (Spain). Chemosphere 67:1709–1714
Alcock RE, Sweetman AJ, Jones KC (2001) A congener-specific PCDD/F emissions inventory for the UK: do current estimates account for the measured atmospheric burden. Chemosphere 43:183–194
Al-Khashman OA, Shawabkeh RA (2006) Metals distribution in soils around the cement factory in southern Jordan. Environ Pollut 140:387–394
Allen AG, Nemitz E, Shi JP, Harrison R, Greenwood JC (2001) Size distributions of trace metals in atmospheric aerosols in the United Kingdom. Atmos Environ 35:4581–4591
Banerjee ADK (2003) Heavy metal levels and solid phase speciation in street dusts of Delhi, India. Environ Pollut 123:95–105
Benestad C (1989) Incineration of hazardous waste in cement kilns. Waste Manag Res 7:531–561
Bozlaker A, Muezzinoglu A, Odabasi M (2008) Atmospheric concentrations, dry deposition and air-soil exchange of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in an industrial region in Turkey. J Hazard Mater 153:1093–1102
Cheng P, Hsu M, Ma E, Chou U, Ling Y (2003) Levels of PCDD/Fs in ambient air and soil in the vicinity of a municipal solid waste incinerator in Hsinchu. Chemosphere 52:1389–1396
Conesa JA, Gálvez A, Mateos F, Martin-Gullon I, Font R (2008) Organic and inorganic pollutants from cement kiln stack feeding alternative fuels. J Hazard Mater 158:585–592
Conesa J, Rey L, Egea S, Rey M (2011) Pollutant formation and emissions from cement kiln stack using a solid recovered fuel from municipal solid waste. Environ Sci Technol 45(13):5878–5884
Coutinho M, Pereira M, Borrego C (2007) Monitoring of ambient air PCDD/Fs levels in Portugal. Chemosphere 67:1715–1721
Deshmukh DK, Deb MK, Mkoma SL (2013) Size distribution ans seasonal variation of size-segregated particulate matter in the ambient air of Raipur city, India. Air Qual Atmos Health 6(1):259–276
EN 12341 (2014) Standard gravimetric measurement method for the determination of the PM10 or PM2,5 mass concentration of suspended particulate matter
EPA TO-9A (1999) Compendium of methods for the determination of toxic organic compounds in ambient air, Second Edition. Determination of polychlorinated, polybrominated and brominated/chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in ambient air. Center for Environmental Research Information Office of Research and Development U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Cincinnati, OH 45268
EPA TO-13A (1999) Compendium of methods for the determination of toxic organic compounds in ambient air, Second edition. Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in ambient air using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Center for Environmental Research Information Office of Research and Development U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Cincinnati, OH 45268
European Commission, Reference Document on the Best Available Techniques in the Cement, Lime and Magnesium Oxide Manufacturing Industries (2010) <ftp://ftp.jrc.es/pub/eippcb/doc/clm_bref_0510.pdf>
European Communities, Ambient Air Pollution by Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH), Position Paper and Annexes (2001b) Working group on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Off Publ Eur Commun, Luxembourg, 2001
European Communities (1999) Council Directive 1999/30/EC of 22 April 1999 relating to limit values for sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and oxides of nitrogen, particulate matter and lead in ambient air. Off J Eur Commun, L 163/41 of 29/6/1999
European Union(EU) (2005) Directive 2004/107/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 December 2004 relating to arsenic, cadmium, mercury, nickel and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ambient air. Off J Eur Union. L 23/3 of 26/1/2005
European Union (EU) (2004) Regulation (EC) No 850/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 on persistent organic pollutants and amending Directive 79/117/EEC. Off J Eur Union. L 157/7 of 30/4/2004
Fabrellas B, Larrazabal D, Martinez MA, Sanz P, Ruiz ML, Abad E (2004) Global assessment of PCDD/F emissions from the Spanish Cement Sector. Effect of conventional/alternative fuels. Organohalogen Compd 66:905–911
Fang GC, Fang KF, Chang C, Lu H (2004) Estimation of PAHs dry deposition and BaP toxic equivalency factors (TEFs) study at Urban. Industry Park and rural sampling sites in central Taiwan, Taichung. Chemosphere 55:787–796
Gao Y, Nelson ED, Field MP, Ding Q, Li H, Sherrell RM (2002) Characterization of atmospheric trace elements on PM25 particulate matter over the New York–New Jersey harbor estuary. Atmos Environ 36:1077–1086
IARC, International Agency for Research on Cancer (2010) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: summary of data reported and evaluation. Vol. 92. <http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol92/mono92.pdf>
IPCS (1998) Selected non-heterocyclic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Environmental Health Criteria 202. International Programme on Chemical Safety – World Health Organization, Geneva
Isikli B, Demir TA, Akar T, Berber A, Urer SM, Kalyoncu C (2006) Cadmium exposure from the cement dust emissions: a field study in a rural residence. Chemosphere 63:1546–1552
Kao JH, Chen KS, Tsai CH, Li HW, Chang-Chien GP (2007) Effects of burnings of wax apple stubble and rice straw on polychlorinated dibenzo-pdioxin and dibenzofuran concentrations in air and soil. J Air Waste Manag Assoc 57:457–464
Karstensen KH (2008) Formation, release and control of dioxins in cement kilns. Chemosphere 70:543–560
Katsoyiannis A, Sweetman AJ, Jones KC (2011) PAH molecular diagnostic ratios applied to atmospheric sources: a critical evaluation using two decades of source Inventory and air concentration data from the UK. Environ Sci Technol 45:8897–8906
Kim D, Min Y, Jeong J, Kim G, Kim J, Son C (2007) Ambient air monitoring of PCDD/Fs and co-PCBs in Gyeonggi- do, Korea. Chemosphere 67:1722–1727
Krauthacker B, Herceg RS, Wilken M, Milanovic Z (2006) PCDD/Fs in ambient air collected in Zagreb, Croatia. Chemosphere 62:1829–1837
Ladji R, Yassaa N, Cecinato A, Meklati BY (2007) Seasonal variation of particulate organic compounds in atmospheric PM10 in the biggest municipal waste landfill of Algeria. Atmos Res 86:249–260
Lohmann R, Jones KC (1998) Dioxins and furans in air and deposition: a review of levels, behaviour and processes. Sci Total Environ 219:53–81
López JM, Callén MS, Murillo R, García T, Navarro MV, de la Cruz MT (2005) Levels of selected metals in ambient air PM10 in an urban site of Zaragoza (Spain). Environ Res 99:58–67
Manoli E, Kouras A, Samara C (2004) Profile analysis of ambient and source emitted particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from three sites in northern Greece. Chemosphere 56:867–878
Mari M, Nadal M, Schuhmacher M, Domingo JL (2008) Monitoring PCDD/Fs, PCBs and metals in the ambient air of an industrial area of Catalonia, Spain. Chemosphere 73:990–988
Marengo E, Bobba M, Robotti E, Liparota MC (2006) Modeling of the polluting emissions from a cement production plant by partial least-squares, principal component regression, and artificial neural networks. Environ Sci Technol 40:272–280
Nadal M, Schuhmacher M, Domingo JL (2004) Metal pollution of soils and vegetation in an area with petrochemical industry. Sci Total Environ 321:59–69
NRC (National Research Council) (1999) Carbon filtration for reducing emissions from chemical agent incineration, USA
Odabasi M, Vardar N, Sofuoglu A, Tasdemir Y, Holsen TM (1999) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Chicago air. Sci Total Environ 227:57–67
Oh J, Choi S, Lee S, Chang Y (2006) Influence of a municipal solid waste incinerator on ambient air and soil PCDD/Fs levels. Chemosphere 64:579–587
Petkova EP, Jack DW, Volavka-Close NH, Kinney PL (2013) Particulate matter pollution in African cities. Air Qual Atmos Health 6(3):603–614
Piazzalunga A, Anzano M, Collina E, Lasagni M, Lollobrigida F, Pannocchia A, Fermo P, Pitea D (2013) Contribution of wood combustion to PAH and PCDD/F concentrations in two urban sites in Northern Italy. J Aerosol Sci 56:30–40
Possanzini MV, Palo D, Gigliucci P, Sciano MCT, Cecinato A (2004) Determination of phase-distributed PAH in Rome ambient air by denuder/GC–MS method. Atmos Environ 38:1727–1734
Raun LH, Correa O, Rifai H, Suarez M, Koenig L (2005) Statistical investigation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in the ambient air of Houston, Texas. Chemosphere 60:973–989
Reijnders L (2007) The cement industry as a scavenger in industrial ecology and the management of hazardous substances. J Ind Ecol 11:15–25
Rovira J, Nadal M, Schuhmacher M, Domingo JL (2014) Environmental levels of PCDD/Fs and metals around a cement plant in Catalonia, Spain, before and after alternative fuel implementation. Assessment of human health risks. Sci Total Environ 485(486):121–129
Rovira J, Mari M, Nadal M, Schuhmacher M, Domingo JL (2011a) Levels of metals and PCDD/Fs in the vicinity of cement plant: assessment of human health risks. J Environ Sci Health A 46:1075–1084
Rovira J, Mari M, Nadal M, Schuhmacher M, Domingo JL (2011b) Use of sewage sludge as secondary fuel in cement plant: human health risks. Environ Int 37:105–111
Rovira J, Mari M, Schuhmacher M, Nadal M, Domingo JL (2011c) Monitoring environmental pollutants in the vicinity of a cement plant: a temporal study. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 60:372–384
Rovira J, Mari M, Nadal M, Schuhmacher M, Domingo JL (2010) Partial replacement of fossil fuel in a cement plant: risk assessment for the population living in the neighborhood. Sci Total Environ 408:5372–5380
Santacatalina M, Reche C, Minguillon MC, Escrig A, Sanfelix V, Carratala A, Nicolas JF, Yubero E, Crespo J, Alastuey A, Monfort E, Miro JV, Querol X (2010) Impact of fugitive emissions in ambient PM levels and composition. A case study in Southeast Spain. Sci Total Environ 408:4999–5009
Senthilkumar S, Manju A, Muthuselvam P, Shalini D, Indhumathi V, Kalaiselvi K, Palanivel M, Chandrasekar PP, Rajaguru P (2014) Characterization and genotoxicity evaluation of particulate matter collected from industrial atmosphere in Tamil Nadu State, India. J Hazard Mater 274:392–398
Shih SI, Lee WJ, Lin LF, Huang JY, Su JW, Chang-Chien GP (2008) Significance of biomass open burning on the levels of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in the ambient air. J Hazard Mater 153:276–284
SINTEF (2006) Formation and release of POPs in the cement industry. World Business Council for Sustainable Development, Cement Sustainable Initiative, Norway
Tung JWT, Yu JZ, Lau AKH, Louie PKK (2005) Abundance and sources of ambient dioxins in Hong Kong: a review of dioxin measurements from 1997 to 2001. Chemosphere 59:1387–1398
UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme) (2002) Stockholm convention on persistent organic pollutants, Geneva, Switzerland
Varea M, Galindo N, Gil-Molto J, Pastor C, Crespo J (2011) Particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in an urban, industrial and rural area in the western Mediterranean. J Environ Monit 13:2471–2476
Viana M, Pérez C, Querol X, Alastueya A, Nickovicc S, Baldasano JM (2005) Spatial and temporal variability of PM levels and composition in a complex summer Atmospheric scenario in Barcelona (NE Spain). Atmos Environ 39:5343–5361
Wang X, Sato T, Xing B (2006) Size distribution and anthropogenic sources apportionment of airborne trace metals in Kanazawa, Japan. Chemosphere 65:2440–2448
WHO (2000) Air quality guidelines for Europe, WHO regional publications. Eur. Series No. 91. World Health Organization, Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen
Wurst F, Prey T (2003) Dioxin emissions when using alternative fuels in the cement industry. ZKG Int 56:74–77
Yang HH, Chen CM (2004) Emission inventory and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the atmosphere at a suburban area in Taiwan. Chemosphere 56:879–887
Yang Y, Guo P, Zhang Q, Li D, Zhao L, Mu D (2010) Seasonal variation, sources and gas/particle partitioning of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Guangzhou, China. Sci Total Environ 408:2492–2500
Yatkin S, Bayram A (2007) Elemental composition and sources of particulate matter in the ambient air of a metropolitan city. Atmos Res 85:126–139
Yatkin S, Bayram A (2008) Determination of major natural and anthropogenic source profiles for particulate matter and trace elements in Izmir, Turkey. Chemosphere 71:685–696
Yetimoğlu EK, Ercan Ö, Tosyalı K (2007) Heavy metal contamination in street dusts of Istanbul (Pendik to Levent) E-5 highway. Ann Chim 97:227–235
Yetimoğlu EK, Ercan Ö (2008) Multivariate analysis of metal contamination in street dusts of Istanbul D-100 highway. J Braz Chem Soc 19(7):1399–1404
Yubero E, Carratala A, Crespo J, Nicolas J, Santacatalina M, Nava S, Lucarelli F, Chiari M (2011) PM10 source apportionment in the surroundings of the San Vicente del Raspeig cement plant complex in southeastern Spain. Environ Sci Pollut Res 18:64–74
Acknowledgments
This study was carried out at the request of Istanbul Governorship Provincial Directorates of Environmental and Urbanization and was supported by Akçansa cement plant. The authors are thankful to the Editorial Board of TUBITAK Marmara Research Center Environment and Cleaner Institute for their helpful comments on the manuscript.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ercan, Ö., Dinçer, F. Atmospheric concentrations of PCDD/Fs, PAHs, and metals in the vicinity of a cement plant in Istanbul. Air Qual Atmos Health 9, 159–172 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-015-0314-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-015-0314-y