Abstract
Combined analysis of small-angle scattering (SAS) and wide-angle diffraction/scattering for the precipitation process in metallic alloys is reviewed with emphasis on precipitation with ordering and precipitation from glasses. Simultaneous SAS and order spot measurements proved their effectiveness in the quantitative description of microstructural evolution during phase separation with ordering. Some limitations on such applications are also discussed. For bulk metallic glasses, simultaneous use of diffraction and SAS is essential to answer a fundamental question about whether the phase separation without crystallization occurs.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
A. Guinier: Nature, 1938, vol. 142, p. 569.
A. Guinier and G. Fournet: Small-Angle Scattering of X-Rays, John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY, 1955.
V. Gerold: Phys. Status Solidi, 1961, vol. 1, pp. 37–49.
O. Glatter and O. Kratsky, eds.: Small-Angle X-Ray Scattering, Academic Press, New York, NY, 1983.
L.A. Feign and D.I. Svergun: Small-Angle X-ray and Neutron Scattering, Plenum Press, New York, NY, 1987.
V. Gerold: Small-Angle X-Ray Scattering, H. Brumberger, ed., Gordon & Breach, New York, NY, 1967, pp. 277–317.
V. Gerold and G. Kostorz: J. Appl. Crystallogr., 1978, vol. 11, pp. 376–404.
G. Kostorz: Physical Metallurgy, 4th ed., R.W. Cahn and P. Haasen, eds., North Holland, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, pp. 1115–99.
H. Brumberger, ed.: Modern Aspects of Small-Angle Scattering, Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 1995.
J.P. Simon: J. Appl. Crystallogr., 2007, vol. 40, pp. s1–s9.
B.C. Larson: J. Appl. Crystallogr. 1975, vol. 8, pp. 150–60.
T. Ungar, P.A. Dubey, and G. Kostorz: Acta Metall. Mater., 1990, vol. 38, pp. 2583–86.
O. Lyon, C. Cervant, and J.P. Simon: J. Appl. Crystallogr., 2000, vol. 33, pp. 928–37.
V. Gerold: J. Appl. Crystallogr., 1977, vol. 10, pp. 25–27.
V. Gerold, J.E. Epperson, and G. Kostorz: J. Appl. Crystallogr., 1977, vol. 10, pp. 28–31.
D.J. Hughesm, A. Mahendrasingam, E.L. Heeleym, W. Oatway, C. Martin, E. Towns-Andrews, and W. Fuller: J. Synchr. Rad., 1996, vol. 3, pp. 84–90.
http://hasylab.desy.de/user_info/available_instruments/x_ray_scattering/p03_minaxs/index_eng.html.
D. Pennicard, H. Graafsma, and M. Lohmann: Diamond Lightsource Proc., 2010, vol. 1, p. e102.
R. Berar: J. Appl. Crystallogr., 2002, vol. 35, pp. 471–76.
F. Bley, F. Livet, H. Okuda, and J.P. Simon: J. Appl. Crystallogr., 1997, vol. 30, pp. 914–17.
A. Marty, M. Bessier, F. Bley, Y. Calvayrac, and S. Lefebvre: Acta Metall., 1990, vol. 30, pp. 345–50.
O. Lyon and J.P. Simon: Acta Metall., 1986, vol. 34, pp. 1197–1202.
J.P. Simon, O. Lyon, and D. de Fontaine J. Appl. Crystallogr., 1985, vol. 18, pp. 230–36.
H.G. Haubold, R. Gebhardt, G. Buth, and G. Goerigk: Resonant Anomalous X-ray Scattering, G. Materlik, ed., Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 295–304.
A. Naudon: Modern Aspects of Small-Angle Scattering, H. Burmberger, ed., Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, The Netherlands,1995, pp. 203–20.
H. Okuda, Y. Kashitani, R. Arao, S. Ochiai, J. Saida, S. Sasaki, and Y. Masunaga: J. Phys. Conf. Ser., 2010, vol. 247, p. 012037.
G. Porod: Koll. Z., 1951, vol. 124, pp. 93–94.
G. Cocco, G. Fagherazzi, and L. Schiffini: J. Appl. Crystallogr., 1977, vol. 10, pp. 325–30.
F. Livet and D. Bloch: Scripta Metall., 1985, vol. 10, pp. 1147–51.
J.J. Hoyt and S. Spooner: Acta Metall. Mater., 1991, vol. 39, pp. 689–93.
J.S. Pedersen: Rhys. Rev. B, 1993, vol. B47, pp. 657–65.
J.S. Pedersen: J. Appl. Crystallogr., 1994, vol. 27, pp. 595–608.
H. Okuda, K. Osamura, Y. Amemiya, M. Osawa, and K. Ito: J. Appl. Crystallogr., 1997, vol. 30, pp. 585–91.
H. Okuda, V. Vezin, K. Osamura, and Y. Amemiya: in Solid→Solid Phase Transformations, J.W. Johnson et al., eds., TMS, Warrendale, PA, 1994, pp. 371–76.
H. Okuda, I. Tanaka, T. Matoba, K. Osamura, and Y. Amemiya: Z. Metallkd., 1997, vol. 88, pp. 612–16.
F. Livet, P. Gomieo, and F. Bley: Scripta Metall., 1989, vol. 23, pp. 1937–42.
D.B. Williams and J.W. Edington: Acta Metall., 1976, vol. 24, pp. 323–32.
K. Dornberger-Schiff and H. Grell-Niemann: Acta Crystallogr. 1961, vol. 14, pp. 167–77.
K. Dornberger-Schiff: Acta Crystallogr. 1982, vol. A38, pp. 483–91 and pp. 491–98.
E. Yokobayashi, K. Kishida, H. Inui, M. Yamazaki, and Y. Kawamura: Acta Mater., 2011, vol. 59, pp. 7287–99.
D. Egusa and E. Abe: Acta Mater., 2012, vol. 60, pp. 166–78.
E. Abe, Y. Kawamura, K. Hayashi, and A. Inoue: Acta Mater. A, 2002, vol. 50, pp. 3845–57.
T. Yamazaki, M. Sasaki, M. Nishijima, K. Hiraga, and Y. Kawamura: Acta Mater., 2007, vol. 55, pp. 6798–6805.
S. Chang, G. Yuang, C. Lu, and W.J. Ding: J. Alloys Compd., 2011, vol. 509, pp. 3515–21.
E. Onorbe, G. Garces, P. Perez, and P Adeva: J. Mater. Sci., 2012, vol. 47, pp. 1085–93.
M. Noda, T. Mayama, and Y. Kawamura: Mater. Trans., 2009, vol. 50, pp. 2526–31.
R. Matsumoto, M. Yamasaki, M. Otsu, and Y. Kawamura: Mater. Trans., 2009, vol. 50, pp. 841–46.
H. Okuda, T. Horiuchi, Y. Maezawa, S. Ochiai, M. Yamasaki, and Y. Kawamura: unpublished research.
H.E. Cook: J. Appl. Crystallogr., 1975, vol. 8, pp. 132–39.
A.G. Kachaturyan: Phys. Status Solidi, 1973, vol. 60, pp. 9–36.
W. Soffa and D. Laughlin: Acta Metall., 1989, vol. 37, pp. 3019–28.
W. Soffa, D. Laughlin, and N. Shingh: Philos. Mag., 2010, vol. 90, pp. 7–28.
A.G. Kachaturyan T. Lindsey, and J. Morris: Metall. Trans. A, 1989, vol. 19A, pp. 249–58.
R. Nozato and G. Nakai: Trans. JIM, 1977, vol. 18, pp. 679–89.
J.M. Papazian, C. Sigli, and J.M. Sanchez: Scripta Metall., 1986, vol. 20, pp. 201–06.
V. Radminovich, A.G. Fox, and G. Thomas: Acta Metall., 1989, vol. 37, pp. 2385–94.
T. Sato and A. Kamio: Mater. Trans. JIM, 1991, vol. 31, pp. 25–29.
O. Blaschko, R. Glas, and P. Weintzierl: Acta Metall. Mater., 1990, vol. 38, pp. 1053–58.
K. Osamura, H. Okuda, M. Tanaka, M. Nagao, and Y. Amemiya: in Kinetics of Ordering Transformation in Metals, H. Chen and V.K. Vasudevan, eds., TMS, Warrendale, PA, 1992, pp. 291–306.
S. Fujikawa, M. Furusaka, M. Sakauchi, and K. Hirano: J. Phys. Coll., 1987, vol. C3, pp. 385–88.
M.S. Yu and H. Chen: in Kinetics of Ordering Transformation in Solids, H. Chen and V. Vasudeban, eds., TMS, Warrendale, PA, 1992, pp. 307–36.
H. Okuda, I. Tanaka, T. Matoba, K. Osamura, and Y. Amemiya: Mater. Trans. JIM, 1998, vol. 39, pp. 62–68.
H. Okuda, I. Tanaka, T. Matoba, K. Osamura, and Y. Amemiya: Scripta Mater., 1997, vol. 37, pp. 1739–44.
L.Q. Chen and A.G. Khachaturyan: Acta Metall. Mater., 1991, vol. 39, pp. 2533–43.
R. Poduri and L.Q. Chen: Scripta Mater., 1997, vol. 44, pp. 245–49.
H. Okuda and K. Osamura: Acta Metall., 1994, vol. 42, pp. 1337–42.
J.S. Garland and J. Sanchez: Kinetics of Ordering Transformations in Metals, TMS, Warrendale, PA, 1992, pp. 207–16.
S.M. Allen and J.W. Cahn: Acta Metall., 1976, vol. 24, pp. 425–37.
B. Park, B. Stepehenson, S.M. Allen, and K.F. Ludwig: Phys. Rev. Lett., 1992, vol. 68, pp. 1742–45.
R. Oguma, S. Matsumura, and T. Eguchi: J. Phys. Condens. Mater., 2008, vol. 20, p. 275225.
S. Matsumura, S. Takeuchi, Y. Tahara, and K. Oki: J. Electron Microsc., 1993, vol. 42, pp. 310–14.
A. Inoue: Acta Mater., 2000, vol. 48, pp. 279–306.
C.C. Hays, C.P. Kin, and W.L. Johnson: Phys. Rev. Lett., 2000, vol. 84, pp. 2901–04.
D.V. Louguine-Luzgin, Y. Yokoyama, G. Xie, N. Abe, and A. Inoue: Philos. Mag. Lett., 2007, vol. 87, pp. 549–54.
J. Loeffler, S. Bossuyt, S. Glade, W.L. Johnson W. Wagner, and P. Thiyagarajan: Appl. Phys. Lett., 2000, vol. 77, pp. 525–27.
E. Pekarskaya, J.F. Loeffler, and W.L. Johnson: Acta Mater., 2003, vol. 51, pp. 4045–57.
J. Eckert, N. Mattern, M. Zinkevitch, and M. Seidel: Mater. Trans., JIM, 1999, vol. 39, pp. 623–26.
U. Köster, J. Meinhardt, S. Roos, and H. Liebertz: Appl. Phys. Lett., 1996, vol. 69, pp. 179–81.
J. Saida, M. Matsuhita, and A. Inoue: Appl. Phys. Lett., 2000, vol. 77, pp. 73–75.
B. Boucher, P. Chierux, P. Conver, and M. Tournaire: J. Phys. F, 1983, vol. 13, pp. 1339–57.
H. Okuda, I. Murase, S. Ochiai, J. Saida, Y. Ykoyama, and K. Inoue: J. Appl. Crystallogr., 2007, vol. 40, pp. s138–s141.
H. Okuda, I. Murase, R. Kurosaki, E. Nakagawa, S. Ochiai, Y. Yokoyama, J. Saida, and K. Inoue: Intermetallics, 2006, vol. 14, pp. 1038–42.
A. Inoue, K. Ohtera, K. Kita, and T. Masumoto: Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 1988, vol. 27, pp. L2248–L2250.
A. Parker and W.L. Johnson: Appl. Phys. Lett., 1993, vol. 63, pp. 2342–45.
A. Inoue: in Amorphous and Nanocrystalline Materials, A. Inoue et al., eds., Springer, Berlin, Germany, 2001, pp. 1–51.
A. Revesz, P. Donnadeiu, J.P. Simon, P. Guyot, and P. Ochin: Philos. Mag. Lett., 2001, vol. 81, pp. 767–75.
I. Martin, T. Ohkubo, M. Ohnuma, B. Deconihout, and K. Hono: Acta Mater., 2004, vol. 52, pp. 4427–35.
H. Okuda, T. Fukumoto, J. Saida, S. Ochiai, S. Sasaki, and H. Masunaga: J. Appl. Crystallogr., 2008, vol. 41, pp. 675–79.
S.H. Chang S.K. Wu, and H. Kimura: Mater. Trans., 2006, vol. 47, pp. 2489–92.
C.W. Price: Acta Metall. Mater., 1990, vol. 38, pp. 727–38.
R. Lueck, K. Lu, and W. Franz: Scripta Metall. Mater., 1993, vol. 28, pp. 1071–75.
B.S. Murty, D.H. Ping, K. Hono, and A. Inoue: Appl. Phys. Lett., 2000, vol. 76, pp. 55–57.
J. Saida, M. Matsushita, and A. Inoue: Scripta Mater., 2001, vol. 44, pp. 1245–49.
J. Saida and A. Inoue: Encyclopedia of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 2004, vol. 6, pp. 795–813.
A. Ishii, F. Hori, A. Iwase, U. Fukumoto, Y. Yokoyama, and T. Konno: Mater. Trans., 2008, vol. 49, pp. 1975–78.
T. Ichitsubo, W. Itaka, E. Matsubara, H. Kato, S. Biwa, S. Hosokawa, K. Matsuda, J. Saida, O. Haruyama, Y. Yokoyama, H. Uchiyama, and A.Q.R. Baron: Phys. Rev. B, 2010, vol. B81, p. 172201.
A.A. Kundig, M. Ohnuma, D.H. Ping, T. Ohkubo, and K. Hono: Acta Mater., 2004, vol. 52, pp. 2441–48.
Y.Q. Cheng and E. Ma: Prog. Mater. Sci., 2011, vol. 56, pp. 379–473.
T. Fukunaga, K. Itoh, T. Otomo, K. Mori, M. Sugiyama, and H. Kato: Intermetallics, 2006, vol. 14, pp. 893–98.
L.Q. Xing, T.C. Hafnagel, J. Eckert, W. Loeser, and L. Schultz: Appl. Phys. Lett., 2000, vol. 77, pp. 1970–72.
X.L. Wang, J. Almer, C.T. Liu, Y.D. Wang, J.K. Zhao, A.D. Stoica, D.R. Haeffner, and W.H. Wang: Phys. Rev. Lett., 2003, vol. 91, p. 265501.
P. Wochner, C. Gutt, T. Autenrieth, T. Demmer, V. Bugaev, A. Díaz Ortiz, A. Duri, F Zontone, G. Grübel, and H. Dosch: PNAS, 2009, vol. 106, pp. 11511–11514.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Manuscript submitted April 23, 2012.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Okuda, H., Ochiai, S. A Review on Small- and Wide-Angle X-Ray Scattering Applied to the Precipitation Process in Metallic Alloys. Metall Mater Trans A 44, 94–101 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-012-1521-x
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-012-1521-x