Abstract
Marigold (Tagetes erecta) flowers are primarily used in industry for their high pigment content. Flower color development implies that chloroplast–chromoplast transition is associated with carotenoid biosynthesis. We report the recovery of undifferentiated pigmented marigold cells, various callus tissues, and their analysis by transmission electron microscopy in order to observe accumulating pigment and development of subcellular structures. Callus was generated from leaf explants and after several rounds of recurrent selection. Green-, yellow-, and brown-colored callus were obtained that showed distinct carotenoid profiles. For green material, violaxanthin, lutein, zeaxanthin, and β-carotene were produced, while yellow callus generated mainly lutein, as did the brown callus. Chloroplast–chromoplast transition was followed by measuring plastid size and shape in undifferentiated marigold cells by digital image analysis. Cellular alterations were evident in brown callus. Chloroplasts were the main structure in green callus, while yellow callus clearly showed the formation of plastoglobules, structures that are correlated with chloroplast–chromoplast transition. The high number of plastoglobules observed in yellow callus is possibly directly related to pigment synthesis and accumulation.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bonora A.; Pancaldi S.; Gualandri R.; Fasulo M. P. Carotenoid and ultrastructure variations in plastids of Arum italicum Miller fruit during maturation and ripening. J. Exp. Bot. 51: 873–884; 2000.
Bréhélin C.; Kessler F.; van Wijk K. J. Plastoglobules: versatile lipoprotein particles in plastids. Trends Plant Sci 12: 260–266; 2007.
Camara B.; Brangeon J. Carotenoid metabolism during chloroplast to chromoplast transformation in Capsicum annuum fruit. Planta 151: 359–364; 1981.
Chanona J.; Alamilla B. L.; Farrera R. R. R.; Quevedo R.; Aguilera J. M.; Gutiérrez L. G. F. Description of the convective air-drying of a food model by means of the fractal theory. Food Sci. Technol. Int. 9: 207–214; 2003.
Del Villar-Martínez A. A.; García-Saucedo P. A.; Cárabez-Trejo A.; Cruz-Hernández A.; Paredes-López O. Carotenogenic gene expression and ultrastructural changes during development in marigold. J. Plant Physiol. 162: 1046–1056; 2005.
Del Villar-Martínez A. A.; Vanegas-Espinoza P. E.; Paredes-López O. Marigold as an important source of carotenoids. In: Palazón J.; Cusidó R. M. (eds) Plant secondary terpenoids. Research Signpost, India, p 131; 2009.
Delgado-Vargas F.; Paredes-López O. Correlation of HPLC and AOAC methods to assess the all-trans-lutein content in marigold flowers. J Sci Food Agric 72: 283–290; 1996.
Delgado-Vargas F.; Paredes-López O. In: Delgado-Vargas F.; Paredes-López O. (eds) Natural colorants for food and nutraceutical uses. CRC, Boca Raton, pp 257–298; 2003.
Deuère J.; Römer S.; d’Harlingue A.; Backhaus R. A.; Kuntz M.; Camara B. Fibril assembly and carotenoid overaccumulation in chromoplasts: a model for supramolecular lipoprotein structures. Plant Cell 6: 119–133; 1994.
Díaz Polanco M. A. Obtención y caracterización de vesículas de membrana tilacoidea de cloroplastos de Amaranthus hybridos. M.Sc. thesis, Centro Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas. Universidad de Colima, México; 1996.
Gonzalez R. C.; Woods R. E. Digital image processing. 3rd ed. Prentice Hall, New Jersey; 2008.
Hart D. J.; Scott K. J. Development and evaluation of an HPLC method for the analysis of carotenoids in foods, and the measurement of the carotenoid content of vegetables and fruits commonly consumed in the UK. Food Chem. 54: 101–111; 1995.
López-Juez E. Plastid biogenesis, between light and shadows. J. Exp. Bot. 58: 11–26; 2007.
López-Juez E.; Pyke K. A. Plastids unleashed: their development and their integration in plant development. Int. J. Dev. Biol. 49: 557–577; 2005.
Meléndez-Martínez A. J.; Vicario I. M.; Heredia F. J. Carotenoids, color, and ascorbic acid content of a novel frozen-marketed orange juice. J. Agric. Food Chem. 55: 1347–1355; 2007.
Murashige T.; Skoog F. A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue cultures. Physiol. Plant. 15: 472–497; 1962.
Rout G. R.; Mohapatra A.; Mohan-Jain S. Tissue culture of ornamental pot plant: a critical review of present scenario and future prospects. Biotechnol. Adv. 24: 531–560; 2006.
Seemann P.; Barriga P. Utilización de técnicas de micropropagación. Avances en producción y sanidad vegetal. Cultivos no tradicionales. Ed Universitaria, p 230; 1993.
Sitte P.; Falk H.; Liedvogel B. Chromoplasts. In: Czygan F. (ed) Pigments in plants. 2nd ed. Gustav Fischer, Stuttgart, pp 117–148; 1980.
SSPS. Sigma Scan Pro 5.0 user’s guide. SSPS, USA; 1999.
Suzuki Y.; Kimura T.; Takahashi D.; Terai H. Ultrastructural evidence for the inhibition of chloroplast to chromoplast conversion in broccoli floret sepals by ethanol vapor. Postharv. Biol. Tech. 35: 237–243; 2005.
Vanegas P. E.; Cruz-Hernández A.; Valverde M. E.; Paredes-López O. Plant regeneration via organogenesis en marigold. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult. 69: 279–283; 2002.
Vásquez-Caicedo A. L.; Heller A.; Neidhart S.; Carle R. Chromoplast morphology and β-carotene accumulation during postharvest ripening of Mango Cv. “Tommy Atkins”. J. Agric. Food Chem. 54: 5769–5776; 2006.
Vishnevetsky M.; Ovadis M.; Vainstein A. Carotenoid sequestration in plants: the role of carotenoid-associated proteins. Trends Plant Sci. 4: 232–235; 1999.
Vothknecht U. C.; Soll J. Chloroplast membrane transport: interplay of prokaryotic and eukaryotic traits. Gene 354: 99–109; 2005.
Vothknecht U. C.; Westhoff P. Biogenesis and origin of thylakoid membranes. Biochim Biophys Acta 1541: 91–101; 2001.
Welsch R.; Beyer P.; Hugueney P.; Kleinig H.; von Lintig J. Regulation and activation of phytoene synthase, a key enzyme in carotenoid biosynthesis, during photomorphogenesis. Planta 211: 846–854; 2000.
Zavorueva E. N.; Ushakova S. A.; Volkova E. K.; Tikhomirov A. A.; Mogil’naya O. A.; Medvedeva S. E. Fine chloroplast structure in cucumber and pea leaves developed under red light. Russ. J. Plant Physiol. 47: 843–851; 2000.
Acknowledgments
The financial support of the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT-43862) and Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN/COFAA/SIP) is acknowledged.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Editor: N. J. Taylor
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Vanegas-Espinoza, P.E., Ramos-Viveros, V., Jiménez-Aparicio, A.R. et al. Plastid analysis of pigmented undifferentiated cells of marigold Tagetes erecta L. by transmission electron microscopy. In Vitro Cell.Dev.Biol.-Plant 47, 596–603 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11627-011-9401-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11627-011-9401-4