Abstract
Due to the scarcity of land, small-scale agriculture farming is more suitable in the urban context. But there are significant knowledge gaps that remain regarding small-scale urban food production systems, especially, in developing countries. Hence, this study was carried out to investigate the farmers’ perception of the multifunctional benefits of small-scale urban agriculture activities in Sri Lanka and the factors determining (demographic, farm management, and economic) those perceptions. A perception survey was conducted for 402 small-scale farmers in Colombo District, Sri Lanka. Ordinal regression was applied to uncover farmers' perceptions of the social, economic, and environmental benefits of urban agriculture. Demographic data, farm management, and economic data were used as independent variables. According to the results, farmers have a positive perception of all three benefit categories, social, economic, and environmental, but it is comparatively higher for the environmental benefits followed by social benefits. Moreover, the study found the farmer’s age, education level, farm size, urban agriculture type, farming involvement, number of crops, and main family income as statistically significant factors that affect their perception of the three categories of benefits but in different ways.
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29 February 2024
A Correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-024-01488-4
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CGWD: conceptualization, methodology, investigation (data collection), writing—original draft preparation. GM: formal analysis, writing—review and editing, visualization. KF: conceptualization, writing—review and editing, supervision.
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Appendices
Appendix I Urban agriculture as a long-term urban planning strategy in developing countries under de-population and urban aging scenarios
Survey questionnaire for urban farmers in Colombo district, Sri Lanka
The purpose of this survey is to gather information on existing urban agriculture practices in Colombo district, Sri Lanka for the doctoral thesis of Ms. Chethika Wadumestrige Dona, the Investigator, from Institute for the Advanced Study of Sustainability, United Nations University, Tokyo, Japan. Her PhD research is on how urban agriculture can be used as a long-term urban planning strategy in developing countries under de-population and urban aging scenarios. I am an enumerator recruited by Ms. Chethika, and she would like you to contribute for this survey, and please rest assured that all information will be kept anonymous. The questionnaire will have five sections (A–E) and it will take 45 min to complete.
I would like to ask you some questions and we do not anticipate any risk to you from study participation. Your responses are completely anonymous and no personal identifying information will be collected. The data of this survey will be only used for the analysis of the doctoral thesis of the Investigator as well as for the research papers will be produced from the present study. All data will be kept securely for at least 3 years. During the participation, photography, audio, or video recording might be taken only with the consent of the respondent and they will be solely used for the academic purpose of this study. The data will be stored as audio recordings and any electronic or printed transcripts in encrypted files or in a locked, secure location for five years after the publication of this research, after which, all files will be destroyed. You will not receive personal (direct) benefit from taking part in this research study, but the information collected from this research may help in future to promote urban agriculture in Sri Lanka.
Your participation in this study is voluntary. That means you do not have to participate if you do not want to. You are free to (1) decline to participate, (2) withdraw from the study at any time, and (3) skip any questions they feel uncomfortable answering. If you have any questions, comments, or concerns about the research and your rights as research participants, please share with me or contact the Investigator through Whatsapp call on + 94777417296 or email to wadumestrigedon@student.unu.edu.
Thank you very much for your support.
Chethika Wadumestrige Dona
PhD Candidate
Institute for the Advanced Study of Sustainability
United Nations University
Appendix II Detailed ordinal logistic regression results of perception of multifunctional benefits
Independent variables | Dependent variables | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Social benefits | Economic benefits | Environmental benefits | ||||||||
Factors | Sub-group | High quality food | Leisure/recreation | Learn about nature | Household food expenditure | Monthly income | Value of the land | Urban landscape | Urban biodiversity | Microclimate regulation |
Demographic | Age (*20–35 years) | |||||||||
36–50 years | − 1.79 (0.18) | 0.75 (0.74) | 0.68 (1.4) | 0.68 (1.4) | 0.60 (0.56) | 1.34** (0.6) | − 1.02 (1.14) | 0.89 (0.65) | 0.80 (0.71) | |
51–60 years | 0.27 (1.73) | 1.33 (0.81) | 0.35 (1.51) | 0.35 (1.51) | 0.03 (0.57) | 0.74 (0.54) | − 0.26 (0.88) | 1.93** (0.73) | 0.92 (0.69) | |
60+ years | − 0.38 (1.1) | 1.17 (0.82) | 1.75 (1.89) | 1.75 (1.89) | 0.05 (0.57) | 1.11** (0.57) | − 0.35 (0.88) | 2.45** (0.86) | 0.60 (0.7) | |
Gender (*males) | ||||||||||
Females | − 0.35 (0.43) | − 0.09 (0.61) | 0.46 (0.83) | 0.46 (0.83) | − 0.25 (0.32) | 0.43 (0.37) | 0.27 (0.54) | − 0.39 (0.58) | − 0.14 (0.51) | |
Education level (*primary only) | ||||||||||
Secondary only | − 0.05 (0.79) | − 0.07 (0.78) | 1.44** (0.73) | 1.44 (0.73) | 1.00** (0.42) | − 0.14 (0.53) | 0.67 (0.77) | 1.23*** (0.65) | 0.50 (0.6) | |
University/similar level | 0.47 (1.08) | 0.18 (1.4) | 2.17** (0.96) | 2.17 (0.96) | 1.75** (0.7) | 0.51 (0.92) | 0.17 (1.45) | 1.45 (1.49) | 0.02 (0.72) | |
Number of family members (*< 4 members) | ||||||||||
4–5 members | − 0.17 (0.61) | − 0.08 (0.5) | − 1.50 (1.42) | − 0.25 (0.37) | − 0.83* (0.32) | − 0.26 (0.34) | − 0.62 (0.47) | − 0.06 (0.54) | − 0.18 (0.45) | |
> 5 members | 0.93 (0.61) | 0.04 (0.68) | − 3.01 (1.57) | 0.22 (0.49) | − 0.25 (0.42) | − 0.37 (0.54) | − 0.95 (0.98) | − 0.84 (0.6) | − 0.50 (0.49) | |
Farm management | Farmland size (*< 0.05 ha) | |||||||||
0.05–0.20 ha | 0.03 (0.4) | 0.01 (0.5) | − 0.08 (0.99) | − 0.08 (0.99) | − 0.19 (0.32) | 1.13* (0.32) | − 1.32** (0.54) | − 2.75* (0.98) | − 0.46 (0.54) | |
> 0.20 ha | − 1.07 (1.11) | 0.14*** (0.99) | − 1.20 (1.03) | − 1.20 (1.03) | 0.36 (0.49) | 1.75* (0.64) | − 1.24 (0.94) | − 1.21 (1.15) | − 0.79 (0.68) | |
Farming involvement (*family farming) | ||||||||||
Collective farming | 0.51 (0.91) | 0.49 (1.31) | 3.01*** (1.65) | 3.01 (1.65) | 1.09** (0.49) | − 0.65 (1.01) | 1.28 (0.97) | − 0.01 (1.03) | 0.77 (0.57) | |
Urban agriculture type (*subsistence farming) | ||||||||||
Home consumption and selling additional | − 0.14 (0.48) | 1.19*** (0.66) | 2.42** (1.27) | 2.42 (1.27) | 5.37* (0.6) | 0.95** (0.43) | 0.30 (0.57) | 0.05 (0.82) | 0.49 (0.45) | |
Mainly selling | 1.23 (0.79) | 1.88 (0.97) | 3.30** (1.93) | 3.30 (1.97) | 8.79* (1.03) | 4.15** (1.25) | 1.12 (1.09) | 3.38* (1.08) | 0.66 (0.72) | |
Number of crops (*1 crop only) | ||||||||||
2–5 crops | − 0.31 (0.71) | 0.82 (0.91) | 0.02 (0.43) | 0.02 (0.43) | − 0.14 (0.39) | 0.16 (0.74) | 1.96* (0.59) | − 0.42 (0.85) | 1.52 (0.56) | |
> 5 crops | − 0.99 (0.8) | 1.10 (0.92) | 0.91 (0.71) | 0.91 (0.71) | − 0.10 (0.45) | 0.74 (0.78) | 1.41 (0.9) | − 0.42 (0.94) | 1.42 (0.6) | |
Farm income | Main family income source (*Government sector) | |||||||||
Private sector | − 0.04 (0.57) | 0.34 (0.84) | − 1.13 (1.43) | − 1.13 (1.43) | − 0.47 (0.43) | − 0.36 (0.47) | 1.38*** (0.83) | 1.89*** (1.15) | − 0.29 (0.73) | |
Self-employed | − 0.43 (0.61) | 0.46 (0.88) | − 0.74 (0.82) | − 0.74 (0.82) | 0.25 (0.42) | − 0.14 (0.54) | − 0.25 (0.93) | 0.97 (1.10) | − 1.12 (0.72) | |
Farming | − 1.88 ** (0.96) | − 0.67 (0.81) | 0.34 (1.24) | 0.34** (1.24) | 0.42 (0.53) | − 0.08 (0.63) | 0.67 (1.02) | − 1.31 (0.96) | − 0.59 (0.66) | |
Number of observations | 402 | 402 | 402 | 402 | 402 | 402 | 402 | 402 | 402 | |
Wald Chi2 (18) | 23.12 | 48.95 | 89.44 | 86.54 | 146.9 | 60.02 | 75.28 | 57.65 | 46.94 | |
Pseudo R2 | 0.12 | 0.68 | 0.26 | 0.29 | 0.48 | 0.17 | 0.13 | 0.25 | 0.26 | |
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Dona, C.G.W., Mohan, G. & Fukushi, K. Multifunctionality benefits of small-scale urban agriculture. Sustain Sci 19, 967–987 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-023-01447-5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-023-01447-5