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Blutdruckkontrolle bei Patienten mit polyzystischer Nierenerkrankung

Blood pressure control in patients with polycystic kidney disease

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Der Nephrologe Aims and scope

Zusammenfassung

Hintergrund

Die autosomal-dominante polyzystische Nierenerkrankung („autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease“, ADPKD) ist die häufigste genetische Nierenerkrankung und betrifft weltweit 6–12 Mio. Menschen. Die Erkrankung ist durch eine progressive Bildung von unzähligen Nierenzysten charakterisiert, welche das normale Nierengewebe sukzessive verdrängen. In der Folge kommt es zum Verlust der Nierenfunktion und zur Dialysepflichtigkeit ab der 5. Lebensdekade. Es gibt noch keine kausale Therapie, welche die Krankheitsprogression signifikant verlangsamen oder stoppen würde. Bei den meisten Patienten mit ADPKD entwickelt sich eine arterielle Hypertonie. Diese entsteht relativ früh im Krankheitsverlauf und ist hauptsächlich durch Aktivierung des Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosteron-Systems (RAAS) und des Sympathikus im Rahmen der renalen Zystenbildung bedingt. Die Hypertonie ist mitverantwortlich für die gesteigerte kardiovaskuläre Morbidität und Mortalität von Patienten mit Zystennieren. Eine optimale Einstellung des Blutdrucks ist wichtig, um die Prognose der Zystenerkrankung und der assoziierten Herz-Gefäß-Erkrankungen zu verbessern.

Schlussfolgerung

Zielblutdruckwerte und Wahl von geeigneten Antihypertensiva bei Patienten mit ADPKD konnten noch nicht abschließend in Leitlinien festgelegt werden. Die vor Kurzem publizierten Resultate der HALT-PKD-Studien legen nahe, dass ein Zielblutdruck unter 130/80 mmHg mittels RAAS-Blockade bei Patienten mit ADPKD angestrebt werden sollte.

Abstract

Background

Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is the most prevalent genetic kidney disease and affects 6–12 million people worldwide. The disease is characterized by the progressive development of innumerable renal cysts that gradually replace normal kidney tissue, ultimately leading to the loss of renal function starting from the fifth decade of life. There is no causal therapy which significantly slows or stops disease progression. Most patients with ADPKD develop hypertension. High blood pressure develops early in the course of the disease and is mainly caused by activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) and the sympathetic nervous system. Hypertension is jointly responsible for the increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with ADPKD. The optimal therapy of hypertension is essential to improve the prognosis of the cystic disease and the associated cardiovascular diseases.

Conclusions

Target blood pressures and selection of suitable antihypertensive drugs for patients with ADPKD have not been definitively defined in guidelines. The recently published results from the HALT-PKD studies suggest that a target blood pressure of less than 130/80 mmHg by inhibition of the RAAS should be aimed for in patients with ADPKD.

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Einhaltung ethischer Richtlinien

Interessenkonflikt. R.P. Wüthrich und A. Kistler geben an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht.

Dieser Beitrag beinhaltet keine Studien an Menschen oder Tieren.

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Correspondence to R.P. Wüthrich.

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Wüthrich, R., Kistler, A. Blutdruckkontrolle bei Patienten mit polyzystischer Nierenerkrankung. Nephrologe 10, 201–206 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11560-014-0944-3

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11560-014-0944-3

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