Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Die autosomal-dominante polyzystische Nierenerkrankung („autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease“, ADPKD) ist die häufigste genetische Nierenerkrankung und betrifft weltweit 6–12 Mio. Menschen. Die Erkrankung ist durch eine progressive Bildung von unzähligen Nierenzysten charakterisiert, welche das normale Nierengewebe sukzessive verdrängen. In der Folge kommt es zum Verlust der Nierenfunktion und zur Dialysepflichtigkeit ab der 5. Lebensdekade. Es gibt noch keine kausale Therapie, welche die Krankheitsprogression signifikant verlangsamen oder stoppen würde. Bei den meisten Patienten mit ADPKD entwickelt sich eine arterielle Hypertonie. Diese entsteht relativ früh im Krankheitsverlauf und ist hauptsächlich durch Aktivierung des Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosteron-Systems (RAAS) und des Sympathikus im Rahmen der renalen Zystenbildung bedingt. Die Hypertonie ist mitverantwortlich für die gesteigerte kardiovaskuläre Morbidität und Mortalität von Patienten mit Zystennieren. Eine optimale Einstellung des Blutdrucks ist wichtig, um die Prognose der Zystenerkrankung und der assoziierten Herz-Gefäß-Erkrankungen zu verbessern.
Schlussfolgerung
Zielblutdruckwerte und Wahl von geeigneten Antihypertensiva bei Patienten mit ADPKD konnten noch nicht abschließend in Leitlinien festgelegt werden. Die vor Kurzem publizierten Resultate der HALT-PKD-Studien legen nahe, dass ein Zielblutdruck unter 130/80 mmHg mittels RAAS-Blockade bei Patienten mit ADPKD angestrebt werden sollte.
Abstract
Background
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is the most prevalent genetic kidney disease and affects 6–12 million people worldwide. The disease is characterized by the progressive development of innumerable renal cysts that gradually replace normal kidney tissue, ultimately leading to the loss of renal function starting from the fifth decade of life. There is no causal therapy which significantly slows or stops disease progression. Most patients with ADPKD develop hypertension. High blood pressure develops early in the course of the disease and is mainly caused by activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) and the sympathetic nervous system. Hypertension is jointly responsible for the increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with ADPKD. The optimal therapy of hypertension is essential to improve the prognosis of the cystic disease and the associated cardiovascular diseases.
Conclusions
Target blood pressures and selection of suitable antihypertensive drugs for patients with ADPKD have not been definitively defined in guidelines. The recently published results from the HALT-PKD studies suggest that a target blood pressure of less than 130/80 mmHg by inhibition of the RAAS should be aimed for in patients with ADPKD.
Literatur
Cadnapaphornchai MA, Mcfann K, Strain JD et al (2009) Prospective change in renal volume and function in children with ADPKD. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 4:820–829
Chapman AB, Johnson AM, Rainguet S et al (1997) Left ventricular hypertrophy in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 8:1292–1297
Chapman AB, Schrier RW (1991) Pathogenesis of hypertension in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Semin Nephrol 11:653–660
Chapman AB, Stepniakowski K, Rahbari-Oskoui F (2010) Hypertension in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 17:153–163
Ecder T, Chapman AB, Brosnahan GM et al (2000) Effect of antihypertensive therapy on renal function and urinary albumin excretion in hypertensive patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis 35:427–432
Ecder T, Edelstein CL, Fick-Brosnahan GM et al (2001) Diuretics versus angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Am J Nephrol 21:98–103
Ecder T, Schrier RW (2009) Cardiovascular abnormalities in autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease. Nat Rev Nephrol 5:221–228
Ecder T, Schrier RW (2001) Hypertension in autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease: early occurrence and unique aspects. J Am Soc Nephrol 12:194–200
Grantham JJ (2008) Clinical practice. Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. N Engl J Med 359:1477–1485
Harris PC, Torres VE (2009) Polycystic kidney disease. Annu Rev Med 60:321–337
Jafar TH, Stark PC, Schmid CH et al (2005) The effect of angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors on progression of advanced polycystic kidney disease. Kidney Int 67:265–271
Kanno Y, Suzuki H, Okada H et al (1996) Calcium channel blockers versus ACE inhibitors as antihypertensives in polycystic kidney disease. QJM 89:65–70
Keith DS, Torres VE, Johnson CM et al (1994) Effect of sodium chloride, enalapril, and losartan on the development of polycystic kidney disease in Han:SPRD rats. Am J Kidney Dis 24:491–498
Kelleher CL, Mcfann KK, Johnson AM et al (2004) Characteristics of hypertension in young adults with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease compared with the general U.S. population. Am J Hypertens 17:1029–1034
Klahr S, Breyer JA, Beck GJ et al (1995) Dietary protein restriction, blood pressure control, and the progression of polycystic kidney disease. Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study Group. J Am Soc Nephrol 5:2037–2047
Klein IH, Ligtenberg G, Oey PL et al (2001) Sympathetic activity is increased in polycystic kidney disease and is associated with hypertension. J Am Soc Nephrol 12:2427–2433
Mitobe M, Yoshida T, Sugiura H et al (2010) Clinical effects of calcium channel blockers and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors on changes in the estimated glomerular filtration rate in patients with polycystic kidney disease. Clin Exp Nephrol 14:573–577
Nutahara K, Higashihara E, Horie S et al (2005) Calcium channel blocker versus angiotensin II receptor blocker in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Nephron Clin Pract 99:c18–c23
Pirson Y (2010) Extrarenal manifestations of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 17:173–180
Rahbari-Oskoui F, Williams O, Chapman A (2014) Mechanisms and management of hypertension in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 29:2194–2201
Rizk D, Chapman AB (2003) Cystic and inherited kidney diseases. Am J Kidney Dis 42:1305–1317
Schrier R, Mcfann K, Johnson A et al (2002) Cardiac and renal effects of standard versus rigorous blood pressure control in autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease: results of a seven-year prospective randomized study. J Am Soc Nephrol 13:1733–1739
Schrier RW (2006) Optimal care of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease patients. Nephrology (Carlton) 11:124–130
Schrier RW (2009) Renal volume, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, hypertension, and left ventricular hypertrophy in patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 20:1888–1893
Schrier RW, Abebe KZ, Perrone RD et al (2014) Blood pressure in early autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. N Engl J Med 371:2255–2266
Schrier RW, Johnson AM, Mcfann K et al (2003) The role of parental hypertension in the frequency and age of diagnosis of hypertension in offspring with autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease. Kidney Int 64:1792–1799
Torres VE, Abebe KZ, Chapman AB et al (2014) Angiotensin blockade in late autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. N Engl J Med 371:2267–2276
Torres VE, Harris PC, Pirson Y (2007) Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Lancet 369:1287–1301
Van Dijk MA, Breuning MH, Duiser R et al (2003) No effect of enalapril on progression in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 18:2314–2320
Zafar I, Tao Y, Falk S et al (2007) Effect of statin and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition on structural and hemodynamic alterations in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease model. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 293:F854–F859
Einhaltung ethischer Richtlinien
Interessenkonflikt. R.P. Wüthrich und A. Kistler geben an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht.
Dieser Beitrag beinhaltet keine Studien an Menschen oder Tieren.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Wüthrich, R., Kistler, A. Blutdruckkontrolle bei Patienten mit polyzystischer Nierenerkrankung. Nephrologe 10, 201–206 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11560-014-0944-3
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11560-014-0944-3
Schlüsselwörter
- Hypertonie
- Polyzystische Nierenerkrankung
- Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosteron-System
- Sympathikus
- Herz-Gefäß-Erkrankungen