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Immunsuppressive Therapie nach Nierentransplantation

Immunosuppressive therapy after kidney transplantation

  • Leitthema
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Der Nephrologe Aims and scope

Zusammenfassung

Hintergrund

Die Einführung einer effektiven und für die Patienten verträglichen Immunsuppression ermöglichte es, die Nierentransplantation als das Nierenersatzverfahren mit den besten Langzeitergebnissen zu etablieren. Dies hängt vor allem mit der Einführung einer Immunsuppression, bestehend aus den 3 Komponenten Calcineurininhibitoren (CNI), Proliferationsinhibitoren und Steroiden, zusammen. In den letzten Jahren ist die Verbesserung des Transplantatlangzeitüberlebens in den Fokus gerückt. Dabei stehen vor allem das chronische Transplantatversagen und der Verlust eines Nierentransplantats durch Tod des Empfängers im Fokus.

Ziel der Arbeit

Diese Zusammenfassung stellt die Erkenntnisse in Bezug auf die aktuellen immunsuppressiven Behandlungsprotokolle nach Nierentransplantation dar und gibt einen Ausblick auf zukünftige Behandlungsstrategien.

Ergebnisse

CNI, Proliferationsinhibitoren und Steroide stellen die Basis der heutigen Immunsuppression nach Nierentransplantation dar. Strategien zur Vermeidung bzw. Verminderung von CNI bzw. Steroiden mittels mTOR-Inhibitoren oder Biologika sind teilweise erfolgreich, wobei ungelöste Fragen vor allem in Bezug auf unerwünschte Wirkungen, Patientenkollektiv und Kosten bestehen. Infektionen, Tumoren und eine unzureichende Adhärenz, möglicherweise mit der Folge vermehrter antikörpervermittelter Abstoßungen, beeinträchtigen die langfristige Prognose nach Nierentransplantation.

Fazit

Zur Verbesserung der Langzeitprognose müssen Strategien zur Verminderung des kardiovaskulären Risikos und vor allem von chronischen antikörpervermittelten Abstoßungen weiterentwickelt werden. Dazu könnten neben neuen Immunsuppressiva auch Verbesserungen in der Diagnostik oder zellbasierte immunmodulierende Therapien geeignet sein.

Abstract

Background

The introduction of an effective and tolerable immunosuppression treatment for the patient enabled the establishment of kidney transplantation as the renal replacement therapy with the best long-term results. This is related to an immunosuppressive regimen consisting of calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs), antiproliferative compounds as well as steroids. The improvement of long-term graft survival has gained particular interest in recent years especially through new immunosuppressive protocols with mTOR inhibitors and biologics. However, although this would allow a reduction of CNIs and steroids with their unwanted effects, problems still exist with this approach. Of particular interest is chronic transplant failure and the loss of a transplant due to death of the recipient.

Objectives

This review focuses on the current immunosuppressive treatment protocols after kidney transplantation, the problems related to immunosuppression and provides an outlook on future therapeutic strategies.

Results

The combination of CNIs, proliferation inhibitors and steroids is currently the most common form of immunosuppressive therapy after kidney transplantation. The mTOR inhibitors can be used to reduce the dose of CNIs or steroids; however, more studies are needed to identify the patient group that would benefit most from this approach as well as the right strategy to switch to or to start de novo with an mTOR inhibitor. Whether biologics will become part of routine immunosuppression will be seen in the future. Infections, tumors and lack of adherence, probably associated with antibody-mediated rejection, all impair the long-term prognosis after kidney transplantation.

Conclusions

Strategies to minimize the cardiovascular risk and chronic antibody mediated rejections should be further developed in order to improve the long-term prognosis after kidney transplantation. New immunosuppressants together with new diagnostic tools and cell-based immunomodulatory therapies could help to achieve this goal.

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Einhaltung ethischer Richtlinien

Interessenkonflikt. B. Schamberger, D. Sollinger und J. Lutz geben an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht.

Dieser Beitrag beinhaltet keine Studien an Menschen oder Tieren.

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Correspondence to J. Lutz.

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Schamberger, B., Sollinger, D. & Lutz, J. Immunsuppressive Therapie nach Nierentransplantation. Nephrologe 10, 9–15 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11560-014-0904-y

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11560-014-0904-y

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