Skip to main content
Log in

An ESS for the Height of a Plant Population, or an Optimal Height for an Individual?—Rethinking Game-Theoretic Models for Plant Height

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Bulletin of Mathematical Biology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Plants only interact with neighbors over restricted distances, so local conditions are of great significance for plants. It is therefore important to consider spatial structure and neighborhood effects if we are to understand plants' strategies. We constructed a spatially-explicit, game theory model to explore optimal height growth at the individual-level. In the model, there is no ESS for height growth at the population level, because there is an “instantaneous” optimal height growth strategy for the individual plant that changes depending on the local light environment. The optimal strategy is plasticity in response to local conditions. Game-theoretic models for plant phenotypic traits should move from “mean-field approximations” towards explicit modeling of local interactions.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Ballaré, C.L., Scopel, A.L., Sa´nchez, R.A., 1990. Far-red radiation reflected from adjacent leaves: an early signal of competition in plant canopies. Science 247, 329–332.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Berntson, G.M., Wayne, P.M., 2000. Characterizing the size dependence of resource acquisition within crowded plant populations. Ecology 81, 1072–1085.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cannell, M.G.R., Rothery, P., Ford, E.D., 1984. Competition within stands of Picea sitchensis and Pinus contorta. Ann. Bot. 53, 349–362.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crawley, M.J., May, R.M., 1987. Population dynamics and plant community structure: competition between annuals and perennials. J. Theor. Biol. 125, 475–489.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eriksson, O., 1986. Mobility and space capture in the stoloniferous plant Potentilla anserina. Oikos 46, 82–87.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gates, D.J., 1978. Bimodality in even-aged plant monocultures. J. Theor. Biol. 71, 525–540.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Geber, M.A., 1989. Interplay of morphology and development on size inequality: a Polygonum greenhouse study. Ecol. Monogr. 59, 267–288.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Falster, D.S., Westoby, M., 2003. Plant height and evolutionary games. Trends. Ecol. Evol. 18, 337–343.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Givnish, T.J., 1982. Adaptive significance of leaf height in forest herbs. Am. Nat. 120, 353–381.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hauert, C., 2002. Effects of space in 2× 2 games. Int. J. Bifurcat. Chaos. 12, 1531–1548.

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Hutchings, M.J., 1986. The structure of plant populations. In: Crawley, M.J. (Ed.), Plant Ecology. Blackwell Scientific, Oxford, pp. 97–136.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hutchings, M.J., Kroon, H., 1994. Foraging in plants: the role of morphological plasticity in resource acquisition. In: Begon, M., and Fitter, A.H. (Eds.), Advances in Ecological Research, vol. 25. Academic Press, London, pp. 159–238.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Iwasa, Y., and Leon, J.A., 1985. Tree height and crown shape, as results of competitive games. J. Theor. Biol. 112, 279–298.

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  • King, D.A., 1990. The adaptive significance of tree height. Am. Nat. 135, 809–828.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lindgren, K., Nordahl, M.G., 1994. Evolutionary dynamics of spatial games. Physica D 75, 292–309.

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Makela, A., 1985. Differential games in evolutionary theory: height growth strategies of trees. Theor. Popul. Biol. 27, 239–267.

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  • Nagashima, H., Terashima, I., Katoh, K., 1995a. Effects of plant density on frequency distributions of plant height in Chenopodium album stands: analysis based on continuous monitoring of height-growth of individual plants. Ann. Bot. 75, 173–180.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nagashima, H., Terashima, I., 1995b. Relationships between height, diameter and weight distributions of Chenopodium album plants in stands: effects of dimension and allometry. Ann. Bot. 75, 181–188.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nagashima, H., 1999. The processes of height-rank determination among individuals and neighborhood effects in Chenopodium album L stands. Ann. Bot. 83, 501–507.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Novoplansky, A., Cohen, D., Sachs, T., 1990. How Portulaca seedlings avoid their neighbors. Oecologia 82, 490–493.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nowak, M.A., May, R.M., 1992. Evolutionary games and spatial chaos. Nature 359, 826–829.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nowak, M.A., May, R.M., 1993. The spatial dilemmas of evolution. Int. J. Bifurcat. Chaos. 3, 35–78.

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Nowak, M.A., Sigmund, K., 2000. Games on grids. In: Dieckmann, U., Law, R., Metz, J.A.J. (Eds.), The Geometry of Ecological Interactions: simplifying Spatial Complexity, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 135–150.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nowak, M.A., Sigmund, K., 2004. Evolutionary dynamics of biological games. Science 303, 793–799.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schmitt, J., 1993. Reaction norms of morphological and life-history traits to light availability in Impatiens capensis. Evolution 47, 1654–1668.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schwinning, S., Weiner, J., 1998. Mechanisms determining the degree of size asymmetry in competition among plants. Oecologia 113, 447–455.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Silvertown, J., Charlesworth, D., 2001. Introduction to Plant Population Biology. 4th edition. Blackwell Science, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stoll, P., Weiner, J., 2000. A neighborhood view of interactions among individual plants. In: Dieckmann, U., Law, R., Metz, J.A.J. (Eds.), The Geometry of Ecological Interactions: simplifying spatial Complexity. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 11–27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weiner, J., 1984. Neighborhood interference amongst Pinus rigida individuals. J. Ecol. 72, 183–195.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weiner, J., Thomas, S.C., 1986. Size variability and competition in plant monocultures. Oikos 47, 211–222.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weiner, J., Berntson, G.M., Thomas, S.C., 1990. Competition and growth form in a woodland annual. J. Ecol. 78, 459–469.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weiner, J., Thomas, S.C., 1992. Competition and allometry in three species of annual plants. Ecology 73, 648–656.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weiner, J., Fishman, L., 1994. Competition and allometry in Kochia scoparia. Ann. Bot. 73, 263–271.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Whitelam, G.C., McCormac, A.C., Boylan, M.T. and Quail, P.H. 1992. Photoresponses of Arabidopsis seedlings expressing an introduced oat phyA cDNA: persistence of etiolated plant type responses in light-grown plants. Photochem. Photobiol. 56, 617–621.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yokozawa, M., Hara, T., 1995. Foliage profile, size structure and stem diameter-plant height relationship in crowded plant populations. Ann. Bot. 76, 271–285.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Gang Wang.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Xiao, S., Chen, SY. & Wang, G. An ESS for the Height of a Plant Population, or an Optimal Height for an Individual?—Rethinking Game-Theoretic Models for Plant Height. Bull. Math. Biol. 68, 957–967 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11538-006-9073-0

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11538-006-9073-0

Keywords

Navigation