Skip to main content
Log in

The status of radioimmunotherapy in CD20+ non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma

  • Review
  • Published:
Targeted Oncology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Rituximab, the CD20-directed antibody, has become a standard component of treatment regimens for patients with B cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL). The use of rituximab has resulted in greatly improved response and survival rates with less toxicity relative to standard chemotherapeutic regimes. However, relapse and recurrence is common, particularly in indolent varieties which remain incurable, requiring alternate therapeutic options. The subsequent coupling of β-emitting isotopes such as 131I and 90Y to anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), including rituximab, has been steadily growing over the last decade and demonstrates even greater therapeutic efficacy with more durable responses. 177Lutetium-labelled rituximab offers a number of convenient advantages over 131I and 90Y anti-CD20 mAbs for treatment of NHL, and a number of alpha-emitting isotopes lie at the frontier of consolidation therapy for residual, micrometastatic disease.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Boffetta P (2011) Epidemiology of adult non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Ann Oncol 22(Suppl 4):iv27–iv31. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdr167

    Google Scholar 

  2. Ho W, Shukla S, Mills L, Negrello T, Min H, Connell E, Ganner Bech A, Budd A, Chen C, Davis B, Goodwin M, Meere D, Short A, Tanevska B (2012) Cancer in Australia: an overview. Australian Institute of Health and. Welfare & Australasian Association of Cancer Registries, Canberra

    Google Scholar 

  3. National Cancer Institute. Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program. (2014) National Cancer Institute. http://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/nhl.html. Accessed January 15 2014

  4. Jaffe ES (2009) The 2008 WHO classification of lymphomas: implications for clinical practice and translational research. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program:523-531. doi: 10.1182/asheducation-2009.1.523

  5. Hennessy BT, Hanrahan EO, Daly PA (2004) Non-Hodgkin lymphoma: an update. Lancet Oncol 5(6):341–353. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(04)01490-1

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Leich E, Ott G, Rosenwald A (2011) Pathology, pathogenesis and molecular genetics of follicular NHL. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol 24(2):95–109. doi:10.1016/j.beha.2011.02.003

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Nogai H, Dörken B, Lenz G (2011) Pathogenesis of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 29(14):1803–1811. doi:10.1200/jco.2010.33.3252

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Edge S, Byrd DR, Compton CC, Fritz AG, Greene FL, Trotti A (2010) AJCC cancer staging manual, 7th edn. Springer, New York

    Google Scholar 

  9. DeNardo GL (2005) Treatment of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) with radiolabeled antibodies (mAbs). Semin Nucl Med 35(3):202–211. doi:10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2005.02.006

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Wilson WH, Gutierrez M, O’Connor P, Frankel S, Jaffe E, Chabner BA, Grossbard ML (2002) The role of rituximab and chemotherapy in aggressive B-cell lymphoma: a preliminary report of dose-adjusted EPOCH-R. Semin Oncol 29(1, Supplement 2):41–47. doi:10.1053/sonc.2002.30151

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Kaminski MS, Estes J, Zasadny KR, Francis IR, Ross CW, Tuck M, Regan D, Fisher S, Gutierrez J, Kroll S, Stagg R, Tidmarsh G, Wahl RL (2000) Radioimmunotherapy with iodine 131I tositumomab for relapsed or refractory B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma: updated results and long-term follow-up of the University of Michigan experience. Blood 96(4):1259–1266

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Witzig TE, Vukov AM, Habermann TM, Geyer S, Kurtin PJ, Friedenberg WR, White WL, Chalchal HI, Flynn PJ, Fitch TR, Welker DA (2005) Rituximab therapy for patients with newly diagnosed, advanced-stage, follicular grade I non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma: a phase II trial in the North Central Cancer Treatment Group. J Clin Oncol 23(6):1103–1108. doi:10.1200/jco.2005.12.052

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Czuczman MS, Weaver R, Alkuzweny B, Berlfein J, Grillo-Lopez AJ (2004) Prolonged clinical and molecular remission in patients with low-grade or follicular non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma treated with rituximab plus CHOP chemotherapy: 9-year follow-up. J Clin Oncol 22(23):4711–4716. doi:10.1200/jco.2004.04.020

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Lossos IS, Gascoyne RD (2011) Transformation of follicular lymphoma. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol 24(2):147–163. doi:10.1016/j.beha.2011.02.006

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Tedder TF, Boyd AW, Freedman AS, Nadler LM, Schlossman SF (1985) The B cell surface molecule B1 is functionally linked with B cell activation and differentiation. J Immunol 135(2):973–979

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Bubien JK, Zhou LJ, Bell PD, Frizzell RA, Tedder TF (1993) Transfection of the CD20 cell surface molecule into ectopic cell types generates a Ca2+ conductance found constitutively in B lymphocytes. J Cell Biol 121(5):1121–1132. doi:10.1083/jcb.121.5.1121

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Juweid ME (2002) Radioimmunotherapy of B-cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma: from clinical trials to clinical practice. J Nucl Med 43(11):1507–1529

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Reff ME, Carner K, Chambers KS, Chinn PC, Leonard JE, Raab R, Newman RA, Hanna N, Anderson DR (1994) Depletion of B cells in vivo by a chimeric mouse human monoclonal antibody to CD20. Blood 83(2):435–445

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Rezvani AR, Maloney DG (2011) Rituximab resistance. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol 24(2):203–216. doi:10.1016/j.beha.2011.02.009

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Bello C, Sotomayor EM (2007) Monoclonal antibodies for B-cell lymphomas: rituximab and beyond. Hematol Am Soc Hematol Educ Prog 2007(1):233–242. doi:10.1182/asheducation-2007.1.233

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Smith MR (2003) Rituximab (monoclonal anti-CD20 antibody): mechanisms of action and resistance. Oncogene 22(47):7359–7368. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1206939

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Flieger D, Renoth S, Beier I, Sauerbruch T, Schmidt-Wolf I (2000) Mechanism of cytotoxicity induced by chimeric mouse human monoclonal antibody IDEC-C2B8 in CD20-expressing lymphoma cell lines. Cell Immunol 204(1):55–63. doi:10.1006/cimm.2000.1693

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Shan D, Ledbetter JA, Press OW (2000) Signaling events involved in anti-CD20-induced apoptosis of malignant human B cells. Cancer Immunol Immunother 48(12):673–683

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Chan HT, Hughes D, French RR, Tutt AL, Walshe CA, Teeling JL, Glennie MJ, Cragg MS (2003) CD20-induced lymphoma cell death is independent of both caspases and its redistribution into Triton X-100 insoluble membrane rafts. Cancer Res 63(17):5480–5489

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Byrd JC, Kitada S, Flinn IW, Aron JL, Pearson M, Lucas D, Reed JC (2002) The mechanism of tumor cell clearance by rituximab in vivo in patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia: evidence of caspase activation and apoptosis induction. Blood 99(3):1038–1043

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. van der Kolk LE, Evers LM, Omene C, Lens SM, Lederman S, van Lier RA, van Oers MH, Eldering E (2002) CD20-induced B cell death can bypass mitochondria and caspase activation. Leukemia 16(9):1735–1744. doi:10.1038/sj.leu.2402559

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. McLaughlin P, Hagemeister FB, Rodriguez MA, Sarris AH, Pate O, Younes A, Lee MS, Dang NH, Romaguera JE, Preti AH, McAda N, Cabanillas F (2000) Safety of fludarabine, mitoxantrone, and dexamethasone combined with rituximab in the treatment of stage IV indolent lymphoma. Semin Oncol 27(6 Suppl 12):37–41

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Czuczman MS, Grillo-López AJ, White CA, Saleh M, Gordon L, LoBuglio AF, Jonas C, Klippenstein D, Dallaire B, Varns C (1999) Treatment of patients with low-grade B-cell lymphoma with the combination of chimeric anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody and CHOP chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol 17(1):268

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Lonberg N (2005) Human antibodies from transgenic animals. Nat Biotechnol 23(9):1117–1125. doi:10.1038/nbt1135

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Boulianne GL, Hozumi N, Shulman MJ (1984) Production of functional chimaeric mouse/human antibody. Nature 312(5995):643–646

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Davis TA, Grillo-Lopez AJ, White CA, McLaughlin P, Czuczman MS, Link BK, Maloney DG, Weaver RL, Rosenberg J, Levy R (2000) Rituximab anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody therapy in non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma: safety and efficacy of re-treatment. J Clin Oncol 18(17):3135–3143

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Roche (2013) Mabthera summary of product characteristics. http://www.roche-australia.com/fmfiles/re7229005/downloads/oncology/mabthera-pi.pdf. Accessed 16 January 2014

  33. McLaughlin P, Grillo-Lopez AJ, Link BK, Levy R, Czuczman MS, Williams ME, Heyman MR, Bence-Bruckler I, White CA, Cabanillas F, Jain V, Ho AD, Lister J, Wey K, Shen D, Dallaire BK (1998) Rituximab chimeric anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody therapy for relapsed indolent lymphoma: half of patients respond to a four-dose treatment program. J Clin Oncol 16(8):2825–2833

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. van Oers MH, Kersten MJ (2011) Treatment strategies in advanced stage follicular lymphoma. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol 24(2):187–201. doi:10.1016/j.beha.2011.03.003

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Maloney DG, Grillo-Lopez AJ, White CA, Bodkin D, Schilder RJ, Neidhart JA, Janakiraman N, Foon KA, Liles TM, Dallaire BK, Wey K, Royston I, Davis T, Levy R (1997) IDEC-C2B8 (rituximab) anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody therapy in patients with relapsed low-grade non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Blood 90(6):2188–2195

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Hainsworth JD (2002) Rituximab as first-line and maintenance therapy for patients with indolent non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma: interim follow-up of a multicenter phase II trial. Semin Oncol 29(1, Supplement 2):25–29. doi:10.1053/sonc.2002.30154

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Cheson BD, Horning SJ, Coiffier B, Shipp MA, Fisher RI, Connors JM, Lister TA, Vose J, Grillo-López A, Hagenbeek A, Cabanillas F, Klippensten D, Hiddemann W, Castellino R, Harris NL, Armitage JO, Carter W, Hoppe R, Canellos GP (1999) Report of an international workshop to standardize response criteria for non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas. J Clin Oncol 17(4):1244

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Hernandez MC, Knox SJ (2004) Radiobiology of radioimmunotherapy: targeting CD20 B-cell antigen in non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 59(5):1274–1287. doi:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2004.02.065

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Witzig TE, Gordon LI, Cabanillas F, Czuczman MS, Emmanouilides C, Joyce R, Pohlman BL, Bartlett NL, Wiseman GA, Padre N, Grillo-Lopez AJ, Multani P, White CA (2002) Randomized controlled trial of yttrium-90-labeled ibritumomab tiuxetan radioimmunotherapy versus rituximab immunotherapy for patients with relapsed or refractory low-grade, follicular, or transformed B-cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 20(10):2453–2463

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Kaminski MS, Tuck M, Estes J, Kolstad A, Ross CW, Zasadny K, Regan D, Kison P, Fisher S, Kroll S, Wahl RL (2005) 131I-tositumomab therapy as initial treatment for follicular lymphoma. N Engl J Med 352(5):441–449. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa041511

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Kaminski MS, Zasadny KR, Francis IR, Milik AW, Ross CW, Moon SD, Crawford SM, Burgess JM, Petry NA, Butchko GM et al (1993) Radioimmunotherapy of B-cell lymphoma with 131I anti-B1 (anti-CD20) antibody. N Engl J Med 329(7):459–465. doi:10.1056/nejm199308123290703

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Wiseman GA, Kornmehl E, Leigh B, Erwin WD, Podoloff DA, Spies S, Sparks RB, Stabin MG, Witzig T, White CA (2003) Radiation dosimetry results and safety correlations from 90Y-ibritumomab tiuxetan radioimmunotherapy for relapsed or refractory non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma: combined data from 4 clinical trials. J Nucl Med 44(3):465–474

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Chinn PC, Leonard JE, Rosenberg J, Hanna N, Anderson DR (1999) Preclinical evaluation of 90Y-labeled anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody for treatment of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Int J Oncol 15(5):1017–1025

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Fuerst M (2013) Underprescribed Bexxar discontinued by GlaxoSmithKline. Oncology Times. http://journals.lww.com/oncology-times/blog/onlinefirst/pages/post.aspx?PostID=800. Accessed January 17 2014

  45. Boswell CA, Brechbiel MW (2007) Development of radioimmunotherapeutic and diagnostic antibodies: an inside-out view. Nucl Med Biol 34(7):757–778. doi:10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2007.04.001

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Ogura M MY, Watanabe T, Hotta T, Ishizawa K, Itoh K, Okamoto S, Taniwaki M, Endo K, Tobinai K (2006) 90Y-ibritumomab tiusetan radioimmunotherapy is highly effective for relased or refractory indolent B-Cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma pre-treated with rituximab-containing chemotherapy: Japanese multicentre trial Phase II study. Blood 108 (Annual Meeting Abstract 2767)

  47. Mulford DA, Scheinberg DA, Jurcic JG (2005) The promise of targeted {alpha}-particle therapy. J Nucl Med 46(Suppl 1):199S–204S

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Jacene HA, Filice R, Kasecamp W, Wahl RL (2007) Comparison of 90Y-ibritumomab tiuxetan and 131I-tositumomab in clinical practice. J Nucl Med 48(11):1767–1776. doi:10.2967/jnumed.107.043489

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Wiseman GA, White CA, Sparks RB, Erwin WD, Podoloff DA, Lamonica D, Bartlett NL, Parker JA, Dunn WL, Spies SM, Belanger R, Witzig TE, Leigh BR (2001) Biodistribution and dosimetry results from a phase III prospectively randomized controlled trial of Zevalin radioimmunotherapy for low-grade, follicular, or transformed B-cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 39(1–2):181–194

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Zinzani PL, d’Amore F, Bombardieri E, Brammer C, Codina JG, Illidge T, Jurczak W, Linkesch W, Morschhauser F, Vandenberghe E, Van Hoof A (2008) Consensus conference: implementing treatment recommendations on yttrium-90 immunotherapy in clinical practice—report of a European workshop. Eur J Cancer 44(3):366–373. doi:10.1016/j.ejca.2007.12.008

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Delaloye AB, Antonescu C, Louton T, Kuhlmann J, Hagenbeek A (2009) Dosimetry of 90Y-ibritumomab tiuxetan as consolidation of first remission in advanced-stage follicular lymphoma: results from the international phase 3 first-line indolent trial. J Nucl Med 50(11):1837–1843. doi:10.2967/jnumed.109.067587

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Vose JM, Wahl RL, Saleh M, Rohatiner AZ, Knox SJ, Radford JA, Zelenetz AD, Tidmarsh GF, Stagg RJ, Kaminski MS (2000) Multicenter phase II study of iodine-131 tositumomab for chemotherapy-relapsed/refractory low-grade and transformed low-grade B-cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas. J Clin Oncol 18(6):1316–1323

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Tran L, Baars JW, Maessen HJ, Hoefnagel CA, Beijnen JH, Huitema AD (2009) A simple and safe method for 131I radiolabeling of rituximab for myeloablative high-dose radioimmunotherapy. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 24(1):103–110. doi:10.1089/cbr.2008.0538

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Leahy MF, Turner JH (2011) Radioimmunotherapy of relapsed indolent non-Hodgkin lymphoma with 131I-rituximab in routine clinical practice: 10-year single-institution experience of 142 consecutive patients. Blood 117(1):45–52. doi:10.1182/blood-2010-02-269753

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Leahy MF, Seymour JF, Hicks RJ, Turner JH (2006) Multicenter phase II clinical study of iodine-131-rituximab radioimmunotherapy in relapsed or refractory indolent non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 24(27):4418–4425. doi:10.1200/jco.2005.05.3470

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Kang HJ, Lee SS, Byun BH, Kim KM, Lim I, Choi CW, Suh C, Kim WS, Nam SH, Lee SI, Eom HS, Shin DY, Lim SM (2013) Repeated radioimmunotherapy with 131I-rituximab for patients with low-grade and aggressive relapsed or refractory B cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 71(4):945–953. doi:10.1007/s00280-013-2087-z

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Bienert M, Reisinger I, Srock S, Humplik BI, Reim C, Kroessin T, Avril N, Pezzutto A, Munz DL (2005) Radioimmunotherapy using 131I-rituximab in patients with advanced stage B-cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma: initial experience. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 32(10):1225–1233. doi:10.1007/s00259-005-1770-7

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Yousefnia H, Radfar E, Jalilian A, Bahrami-Samani A, Shirvani-Arani S, Arbabi A, Ghannadi-Maragheh M (2011) Development of 177Lu-DOTA-anti-CD20 for radioimmunotherapy. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 287(1):199–209. doi:10.1007/s10967-010-0676-4

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Forrer F, Oechslin-Oberholzer C, Campana B, Herrmann R, Maecke HR, Mueller-Brand J, Lohri A (2013) Radioimmunotherapy with 177Lu-DOTA-rituximab: final results of a phase I/II study in 31 patients with relapsing follicular, mantle cell, and other indolent B-cell lymphomas. J Nucl Med 54(7):1045–1052. doi:10.2967/jnumed.112.115170

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Lebedev NA, Novgorodov AF, Misiak R, Brockmann J, Rösch F (2000) Radiochemical separation of no-carrier-added 177Lu as produced via the 176Yb (n,γ) 177Yb→177Lu process. Appl Radiat Isot 53(3):421–425. doi:10.1016/S0969-8043(99)00284-5

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Horwitz EP, McAlister DR, Bond AH, Barrans RE, Williamson JM (2005) A process for the separation of 177Lu from neutron irradiated 176Yb targets. Appl Radiat Isot 63(1):23–36. doi:10.1016/j.apradiso.2005.02.005

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Forrer F, Chen J, Fani M, Powell P, Lohri A, Muller-Brand J, Moldenhauer G, Maecke HR (2009) In vitro characterization of 177Lu-radiolabelled chimeric anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody and a preliminary dosimetry study. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 36(9):1443–1452. doi:10.1007/s00259-009-1120-2

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Audicio PF, Castellano G, Tassano MR, Rezzano ME, Fernandez M, Riva E, Robles A, Cabral P, Balter H, Oliver P (2011) 177Lu DOTA-anti-CD20: labeling and pre-clinical studies. Appl Radiat Isot 69(7):924–928. doi:10.1016/j.apradiso.2011.01.026

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Radfar E AA, Sardari D (2010) Preparation and biological evaluation of 177Lu-labeled rituximab for B-lymphoma treatment. Iran J Nucl Med 18 (14)

  65. Pagel JM, Pantelias A, Hedin N, Wilbur S, Saganic L, Lin Y, Axworthy D, Hamlin DK, Wilbur DS, Gopal AK, Press OW (2007) Evaluation of CD20, CD22 and HLA-DR targeting for radioimmunotherapy of B-cell lymphomas. Cancer Res 67(12):5921–5928. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-0080

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. McDevitt MR, Sgouros G, Finn RD, Humm JL, Jurcic JG, Larson SM, Scheinberg DA (1998) Radioimmunotherapy with alpha-emitting nuclides. Eur J Nucl Med 25(9):1341–1351

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Jurcic JG, Larson SM, Sgouros G, McDevitt MR, Finn RD, Divgi CR, Ballangrud AM, Hamacher KA, Ma D, Humm JL, Brechbiel MW, Molinet R, Scheinberg DA (2002) Targeted alpha particle immunotherapy for myeloid leukemia. Blood 100(4):1233–1239

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Aurlien E, Larsen RH, Kvalheim G, Bruland OS (2000) Demonstration of highly specific toxicity of the alpha-emitting radioimmunoconjugate 211At-rituximab against non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma cells. Br J Cancer 83(10):1375–1379. doi:10.1054/bjoc.2000.1453

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Vaidyanathan G, Zalutsky MR (2008) Astatine radiopharmaceuticals: prospects and problems. Curr Radiopharm 1(3):177

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Sgouros G (2008) Alpha-particles for targeted therapy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 60(12):1402–1406. doi:10.1016/j.addr.2008.04.007

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Andersson H BT, Elqqvist J, Hultborn, Jacobsson L, Jensen H, Karlsson B, Lendegran S, Palm S (2004) Dosimetry and RBE in 211At alpha-radioimmunotherapy. Book of Abstracts 4th Alpha-Immunotherapy Symposium

  72. Ma D, McDevitt MR, Finn RD, Scheinberg DA (2001) Breakthrough of 225Ac and its radionuclide daughters from an 225Ac/213Bi generator: development of new methods, quantitative characterization, and implications for clinical use. Appl Radiat Isot 55(5):667–678. doi:10.1016/S0969-8043(01)00062-8

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Chouin N, Bardies M (2011) Alpha-particle microdosimetry. Curr Radiopharm 4(3):266–280

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Dahle J, Krogh C, Melhus KB, Borrebæk J, Larsen RH, Kvinnsland Y (2009) In vitro cytotoxicity of low-dose-rate radioimmunotherapy by the alpha-emitting radioimmunoconjugate thorium-227–DOTA–rituximab. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 75(3):886–895. doi:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2009.04.062

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Roscher M, Hormann I, Leib O, Marx S, Moreno J, Miltner E, Friesen C (2013) Targeted alpha-therapy using 213Bi anti-CD20 as novel treatment option for radio- and chemoresistant non-Hodgkin lymphoma cells. Oncotarget 4(2):218–230

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Miederer M, Scheinberg DA, McDevitt MR (2008) Realizing the potential of the actinium-225 radionuclide generator in targeted alpha particle therapy applications. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 60(12):1371–1382. doi:10.1016/j.addr.2008.04.009

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Vandenbulcke K, De Vos F, Offner F, Philippe J, Apostolidis C, Molinet R, Nikula TK, Bacher K, de Gelder V, Vral A, Lahorte C, Thierens H, Dierckx RA, Slegers G (2003) In vitro evaluation of 213Bi-rituximab versus external gamma irradiation for the treatment of B-CLL patients: relative biological efficacy with respect to apoptosis induction and chromosomal damage. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 30(10):1357–1364. doi:10.1007/s00259-003-1228-8

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Aurlien E, Kvinnsland Y, Larsen RH, Bruland OS (2002) Radiation doses to non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma cells and normal bone marrow exposed in vitro. Comparison of an alpha-emitting radioimmunoconjugate and external gamma-irradiation. Int J Radiat Biol 78(2):133–142. doi:10.1080/09553000110094788

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Dahle J, Borrebæk J, Melhus KB, Bruland ØS, Salberg G, Olsen DR, Larsen RH (2006) Initial evaluation of 227Th-p-benzyl-DOTA-rituximab for low-dose rate α-particle radioimmunotherapy. Nucl Med Biol 33(2):271–279. doi:10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2005.12.004

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Vandenbulcke K, Thierens H, Offner F, Janssens A, de Gelder V, Bacher K, Philippe J, De Vos F, Dierckx R, Apostolidis C, Morgenstern A, Slegers G (2004) Importance of receptor density in alpha radioimmunotherapy in B cell malignancies: an in-vitro study. Nucl Med Commun 25(11):1131–1136

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. McDevitt MR, Finn RD, Sgouros G, Ma D, Scheinberg DA (1999) An 225Ac/213Bi generator system for therapeutic clinical applications: construction and operation. Appl Radiat Isot 50(5):895–904. doi:10.1016/S0969-8043(98)00151-1

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Larsen RHBJ, Dahle J, Melhus KB, Krogh C, Valan M, Bruland OS (2007) Preparation of 227Th-labeled radioimmunoconjugates, assessment of serum stability and antigen binding ability. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 22(3):431–437

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. McDevitt MR, Ma D, Simon J, Frank RK, Scheinberg DA (2002) Design and synthesis of 225Ac radioimmunopharmaceuticals. Appl Radiat Isot 57(6):841–847

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Jaggi JS, Seshan SV, McDevitt MR, LaPerle K, Sgouros G, Scheinberg DA (2005) Renal tubulointerstitial changes after internal irradiation with α-particle-emitting actinium daughters. J Am Soc Nephrol 16(9):2677–2689. doi:10.1681/asn.2004110945

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Boll RA, Malkemus D, Mirzadeh S (2005) Production of actinium-225 for alpha particle mediated radioimmunotherapy. Appl Radiat Isot 62(5):667–679. doi:10.1016/j.apradiso.2004.12.003

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Roy K, Lahiri S (2008) Production and separation of astatine radionuclides: some new addition to astatine chemistry. Appl Radiat Isot 66(5):571–576. doi:10.1016/j.apradiso.2007.12.005

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Zalutsky MR, Vaidyanathan G (2000) Astatine-211 labeled radiotherapeutics: an emerging approach to targeted alpha-particle radiotherapy. Curr Pharm Des 6(14):1433–1455

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Walte A, Sriyapureddy SS, Korkmaz Z, Krull D, Bolte O, Hofmann M, Meyer GJ, Knapp WH (2007) Preparation and evaluation of 211At labelled antineoplastic antibodies. J Pharm Pharm Sci 10(2):277s–285s

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Ning L, Jiannan J, Shangwu M, Hengliu C, Yanping Y (1998) Preparation and premilinary evaluation of astatine-211 labeled IgG via DTPA anhydride. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 227(1–2):187–190. doi:10.1007/BF02386459

    Article  Google Scholar 

  90. Norseyev Y, Shmakova N (1995) Astatine-211: production, injection into monoclonal antibodies, radiobiologic effect, possible application to cancer treatment. Nukleonika 40(1):13–25

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Zalutsky MR, Pruszynski M (2011) astatine-211: production and availability. Curr Radiopharm 4(3):177–185

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Huclier-Markai S, Alliot C, Varmenot N, Cutler CS, Barbet J (2012) Alpha-emitters for immuno-therapy: a review of recent developments from chemistry to clinics. Curr Top Med Chem 12(23):2642–2654

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Larsen RH, Hoff P, Alstad J, Bruland ØS (1994) Preparation and quality control of 211At-labelled and 125I-labelled monoclonal antibodies. Biodistribution in mice carrying human osteosarcoma xenografts. J Label Compd Radiopharm 34(8):773–785. doi:10.1002/jlcr.2580340811

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Scheinberg DA, McDevitt MR (2011) Actinium-225 in targeted alpha-particle therapeutic applications. Curr Radiopharm 4(4):306–320

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Allen BJ, Raja C, Rizvi S, Li Y, Tsui W, Graham P, Thompson JF, Reisfeld RA, Kearsley J (2005) Intralesional targeted alpha therapy for metastatic melanoma. Cancer Biol Ther 4(12):1318–1324

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Cherel M, Gouard S, Gaschet J, Sai-Maurel C, Bruchertseifer F, Morgenstern A, Bourgeois M, Gestin JF, Bodere FK, Barbet J, Moreau P, Davodeau F (2013) 213Bi radioimmunotherapy with an anti-mCD138 monoclonal antibody in a murine model of multiple myeloma. J Nucl Med 54(9):1597–1604. doi:10.2967/jnumed.112.111997

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. De Vos FVK, Nikula TK, Apostolides C, Molinet R, Theirens H, Dierckx RA, Slegers G, Philippe J, Offner F (2003) Radioimmunotherapy with 213Bi synergizes with prednisolone and fludabarine in inducing apoptosis in b-cell in vitro. J Label Compd Radiopharm 46(S1):S99–S106. doi:10.1002/jlcr.765

    Article  Google Scholar 

  98. Park SI, Shenoi J, Pagel JM, Hamlin DK, Wilbur DS, Orgun N, Kenoyer AL, Frayo S, Axtman A, Back T, Lin Y, Fisher DR, Gopal AK, Green DJ, Press OW (2010) Conventional and pretargeted radioimmunotherapy using Bismuth-213 to target and treat non-Hodgkin lymphomas expressing CD20: a preclinical model toward optimal consolidation therapy to eradicate minimal residual disease. Blood 116(20):4231–4239. doi:10.1182/blood-2010-05-282327

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. McDevitt MR, Finn RD, Ma D, Larson SM, Scheinberg DA (1999) Preparation of α-emitting 213Bi-labeled antibody constructs for clinical use. J Nucl Med 40(10):1722–1727

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Ma D, McDevitt MR, Finn RD, Scheinberg DA (2001) Rapid preparation of short-lived alpha particle emitting radioimmunopharmaceuticals. Appl Radiat Isot 55(4):463–470. doi:10.1016/S0969-8043(01)00048-3

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Weiden PL, Breitz HB, Press O, Appelbaum JW, Bryan JK, Gaffigan S, Stone D, Axworthy D, Fisher D, Reno J (2000) Pretargeted radioimmunotherapy (PRIT) for treatment of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL): initial phase I/II study results. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 15(1):15–29

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Bruland ØS, Nilsson S, Fisher DR, Larsen RH (2006) High-linear energy transfer irradiation targeted to skeletal metastases by the α-emitter 223Ra: adjuvant or alternative to conventional modalities? Clin Cancer Res 12(20):6250s–6257s. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-06-0841

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. McDevitt MR, Ma D, Lai LT, Simon J, Borchardt P, Frank RK, Wu K, Pellegrini V, Curcio MJ, Miederer M, Bander NH, Scheinberg DA (2001) Tumor therapy with targeted atomic nanogenerators. Science 294(5546):1537–1540. doi:10.1126/science.1064126

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Russ GA, Bigler RE, Tilbury RS, Woodard HQ, Laughlin JS (1975) Metabolic studies with radiobismuth: retention and distribution of 206Bi in the normal rat. Radiat Res 63(3):443–454

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Slikkerveer A, Wolff F (1989) Pharmacokinetics and toxicity of bismuth compounds. Med Toxicol Adverse Drug Exp 4(5):303–323. doi:10.1007/BF03259915

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Cohen EP, Robbins ME (2003) Radiation nephropathy. Semin Nephrol 23(5):486–499

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they do have any conflict of interest that may inappropriately influence this work.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Evan D. Read.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Read, E.D., Eu, P., Little, P.J. et al. The status of radioimmunotherapy in CD20+ non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Targ Oncol 10, 15–26 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11523-014-0324-y

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11523-014-0324-y

Keywords

Navigation