Skip to main content
Log in

Quality of Life as Event Legacy: an Evaluation of Liverpool as the 2008 European Capital of Culture

  • Published:
Applied Research in Quality of Life Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Improving residents’ quality of life (QoL) of is one main consideration for cities to host major events. Also, event legacy has been emerging as a key outcome associated with the hosting of an event. Based on a case study of Liverpool as the 2008 European Capital of Culture (ECOC), the aim of this study is to assess the legacy outcomes perceived by residents that benefit their QoL. Methodologically, this study is based on a combination of primary and secondary data. Data were collected from telephone survey from 592 residents of four areas representing geographical and demographical variations of Liverpool’s population. The results indicate that the most highly perceived benefits were image / identity and cultural legacies. However, respondents were less likely to perceive the legacy of economic and tourism development on their QoL. The location of community and the attendance at the ECOC events were the main variables of differences in most legacy outcomes. Overall, the results suggest that intangible impacts could relate more to people’s satisfaction with QoL and event support. The study underlines also the importance of legacy planning as a holistic programme from the early stages of event process.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Allen, J., O’Toole, W., Harris, R., & McDonnell, I. (2008). Festival and special event management (4th ed.). Milton: John Wiley & Sons.

    Google Scholar 

  • Andersson, T. D., & Lundberg, E. (2013). Commensurability and sustainability: Triple impact assessments of a tourism event. Tourism Management, 37, 99–109.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aquino, J. A., Russell, D. W., Cutrona, C. E., & Altmaier, E. M. (1996). Employment status, social support, and life satisfaction among the elderly. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 43(4), 480–489.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Balduck, A. L., Maes, M., & Buelens, M. (2011). The social impact of the Tour de France: Comparisons of residents’ pre-and post-event perceptions. European Sport Management Quarterly, 11(2), 91–113.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brajša-Žganec, A., Merkaš, M., & Šverko, I. (2011). Quality of life and leisure activities: How do leisure activities contribute to subjective well- being? Social Indicators Research, 102(1), 81–91.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brownill, S., Keivani, R., & Pereira, G. (2013). Olympic legacies and city development strategies in London and Rio; beyond the carnival mask?.International. Journal of Urban Sustainable Development, 5(2), 111–131.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cashman, R. (2006). The Bitter-sweet awakening: The legacy of the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games. Sydney: Walla Walla Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chappelet, J. L., & Junod, T. (2006). A tale of 3 Olympic cities: What can Turin learn from the Olympic legacy of other Alpine cities? In D. Torres (Ed.), Major sport events as opportunity for development (pp. 83–90). Valencia: Valencia Summit proceedings.

    Google Scholar 

  • Choi, H. C., & Sirakaya, E. (2006). Sustainability indicators for managing community tourism. Tourism Management, 27(6), 1274–1289.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Council of Europe (1997). In from the Margins – A contribution to the debate on culture and development in Europe. Strasbourg: Council of Europe.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davies, L. E. (2012). Beyond the games: regeneration legacies and London 2012. Leisure Studies, 31(3), 309–337.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • DCMS (2010). Plans for the legacy from the 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games. London: Department for Culture Media and Sport (DCMS).

  • Derrett, R. (2003). Making sense of how festivals demonstrate a community’s sense of place. Event Management, 8(1), 49–58.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Diener, E., Suh, E. M., Lucas, R. E., & Smith, H. L. (1999). Subjective well-being: Three decades of progress. Psychological Bulletin, 125(2), 276–302.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ecorys (2009). Ex-post evaluation of 2007 & 2008 European Capitals of Culture: Final report. Birmingham: Ecorys.

    Google Scholar 

  • Edizel, H. Ö. (2014). Governance of sustainable event-led regeneration: the case of London 2012 Olympics. Doctoral dissertation: Brunel University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Emerson, R. M. (1976). Social exchange theory. Annual Review of Sociology, 2, 335–362.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Evans, G. (2005). Measure for measure: evaluating the evidence of culture’s contribution to regeneration. Urban Studies, 42(5–6), 959–983.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Evans, G. L. (2011). Cities of culture and the regeneration game. London Journal of Tourism, Sport and Creative Industries, 5(6), 5–18.

  • Ferrari, S., & Guala, C. (2015). Mega-events and their legacy: Image and tourism in Genoa, Turin and Milan. Leisure Studies, (ahead-of-print), 1–19.

  • García, B. (2004). Cultural policy and urban regeneration in Western European Cities. Local Economy, 19(4), 312–326.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • García, B. (2005). Deconstructing the city of culture: The long-term cultural legacies of Glasgow 1990. Urban Studies, 42(5–6), 841–868.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • García, B., & Cox, T. (2013). European Capitals of Culture: Success strategies and long-term effects. EU: Publications Office.

    Google Scholar 

  • Getz, D. (1991). Festivals, special events, and tourism. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.

    Google Scholar 

  • Getz, D. (2008). Event tourism: definition, evolution, and research. Tourism Management, 29(3), 403–428.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gibson, H. J., Kaplanidou, K., & Kang, S. J. (2012). Small-scale event sport tourism: A case study in sustainable tourism. Sport Management Review, 15(2), 160–170.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gomes, P., & Librero-Cano, A. (2014). Evaluating 3 decades of the European Capital of Culture programme: a difference-in-differences approach. Available online at: http://www.eco.uc3m.es/~pgomes/Papers/Culture_AL_PG_031214.pdf

  • Gratton, C., & Preuss, H. (2008). Maximizing Olympic impacts by building up legacies. The International Journal of the History of Sport, 25(14), 1922–1938.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gursoy, D., & Kendall, K. W. (2006). Hosting mega events: Modeling locals’ support. Annals of Tourism Research, 33(3), 603–623.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hair, J. F. Jr., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E., & Tatham, R. L. (2006). Multivariate data analysis (6th ed.). New Jersey: Prentice Hall.

  • Hall, C. M. (1992). Hallmark tourist events: Impacts, management and planning. London: Belhaven Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Impacts 08 (2010b). Neighbourhood impacts: A longitudinal research study into the impact of the Liverpool European Capital of Culture on local residents. Liverpool: Impacts 08.

  • Impacts 08 (2010a). Creating an impact: Liverpool’s experience as European Capital of Culture. Liverpool: Impacts, 08.

  • IOC (2009). Olympic legacy guide. Lausanne: International Olympic Committee.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jeon, M. M., Kang, M. M., & Desmarais, E. (2016). Residents’ perceived quality of life in a cultural-heritage tourism destination. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 11(1), 105–123.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, M., & Stokes, T. (2003). The Commonwealth Games and urban regeneration: an investigation into training initiatives and partnerships and their effects on disadvantaged groups in East Manchester. Managing Leisure, 8(4), 198–211.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, P., & Wilks-Heeg, S. (2004). Capitalising culture: Liverpool 2008. Local Economy, 19(4), 341–360.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaplanidou, K. (2012). The importance of legacy outcomes for Olympic games four summer host cities residents’ quality of life: 1996–2008. European Sport. Management Quarterly, 12(4), 397–433.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaplanidou, K., & Karadakis, K. (2010). Understanding the legacies of a host Olympic city: The case of the 2010 Vancouver Olympic Games. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 19(2), 110–117.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaplanidou, K. K., Karadakis, K., Gibson, H., Thapa, B., Walker, M., Geldenhuys, S., & Coetzee, W. (2013). Quality of life, event impacts, and mega-event support among South African residents before and after the 2010 FIFA world cup. Journal of Travel Research, 52(5), 631–645.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kavetsos, G. (2012). The impact of the London Olympics announcement on property prices. Urban Studies, 49(7), 1–36.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kim, S. S., & Petrick, J. F. (2005). Residents’ perceptions on impacts of the FIFA 2002 World Cup: The case of Seoul as a host city. Tourism Management, 26(1), 25–38.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kim, H. J., Gursoy, D., & Lee, S. B. (2006). The impact of the 2002 World Cup on South Korea: Comparisons of pre- and post-games. Tourism Management, 27(1), 86–96.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kwok, Y. Y., Chui, W. H., & Wong, L. P. (2013). Need satisfaction mechanism linking volunteer motivation and life satisfaction: A mediation study of volunteers subjective well-being. Social Indicators Research, 114(3), 1315–1329.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leopkey, B., & Parent, M. M. (2012). Olympic Games legacy: From general benefits to sustainable long-term legacy. The International Journal of the History of Sport, 29(6), 924–943.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, Y. D. (2015). Event and quality of life: A case study of Liverpool as the 2008 European Capital of Culture. Applied Research in Quality of Life, ((ahead-of-print), 1–16.

  • Liu, J. C., & Var, T. (1986). Resident attitudes toward tourism impacts in Hawaii. Annals of Tourism Research, 13(2), 193–214.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, J. C., Sheldon, P. J., & Var, T. (1987). Resident perception of the environmental impacts of tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 14(1), 17–37.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Matarasso, F. (1997). Use or ornament? The social impact of participation in the arts. Stroud: Comedia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Matheson, C. M. (2010). Legacy planning, regeneration and events: the Glasgow 2014 Commonwealth Games. Local Economy, 25(1), 10–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McCool, S. F., & Martin, S. R. (1994). Community attachment and attitudes toward tourism development. Journal of Travel Research, 32(3), 29–34.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Minnaert, L. (2012). An Olympic legacy for all? The non-infrastructural outcomes of the Olympic Games for socially excluded groups (Atlanta 1996 – Beijing 2008). Tourism Management, 33(2), 361–370.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Misener, L., & Mason, D. S. (2006). Creating community networks: can sporting events offer meaningful sources of social capital? Managing Leisure, 11(1), 39–56.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mooney, G. (2004). Cultural policy as urban transformation? Critical reflections on Glasgow, European City of Culture 1990. Local Economy, 19(4), 327–340.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nichols, G. (2012). Sports volunteering. International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics, 4(2), 155–157.

  • Nobili, V. (2005). The role of European Capital of Culture events within Genoa’s and Liverpool’s branding and positioning efforts. Place Branding, 1(3), 316–328.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Owen, K. A. (2002). The Sydney 2000 Olympics and urban entrepreneurialism: local variations in urban governance. Australian Geographical Studies, 40(3), 323–336.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pacione, M. (2012). The role of events in urban regeneration. In S. J. Page & J. Connell (Eds.), Routledge handbook of events (pp. 385–400). London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Palmer-Rae (2004). European Cities and Capitals of Culture. Brussels: Palmer-Rae Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Preuss, H. (2007). The conceptualisation and measurement of mega sport event legacies. Journal of Sport and Tourism, 12(3–4), 207–228.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Preuss, H. (2015). A framework for identifying the legacies of a mega sport event. Leisure Studies, 34(6), 643–664.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Richards, G., & Palmer, R. (2010). Eventful cities: Cultural management and urban revitalization. Amsterdam: Butterworth- Heinemann.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ritchie, B. W., Shipway, R., & Cleeve, B. (2009). Resident perceptions of mega-sporting events: A non-host city perspective of the 2012 London Olympic Games. Journal of Sport and Tourism, 14(2–3), 143–167.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roehl, W. S. (1999). Quality of life issues in a casino destination. Journal of Business Research, 44(3), 223–229.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, A. (2012). Events and urban regeneration: the strategic use of events to revitalise cities. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stukas, A., Snyder, M., & Clary, E. (2008). The social marketing of volunteerism: A functional approach. In C. Haugtvedt, P. Herr, & F. Kardes (Eds.), Handbook of consumer psychology. Marketing and consumer psychology series (pp. 959–979). New York, NY: Taylor & Francis.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tay, P. C., & Coca-Stefaniak, J. A. (2010). Cultural urban regeneration practice and policy in the UK and Singapore. Asia Pacific Journal of Arts and Cultural Management, 7(1), 512–527.

    Google Scholar 

  • Terret, T. (2008). The Albertiville winter Olympics: unexpected legacies failed expectations for regional economic development. The International Journal of the History of Sport, 25(14), 1903–1921.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thoits, P., & Hewitt, L. (2001). Volunteer work and well being. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 42(2), 115–131.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tsaur, S. H., Yen, C. H., Tu, J. H., Wang, C. H., & Liang, Y. W. (2015). Evaluation of the 2010 Taipei International Flora Exposition from the perceptions of host-city residents: a new framework for mega-event legacies measurement. Leisure Studies, (ahead-of-print), 1–24.

  • Van Willigen, M. (2000). Differential benefits of volunteering across the life course. Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences, 55, 308–318.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Veal, A. J., Toohey, K., & Frawley, S. (2012). The sport participation legacy of the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games and other international sporting events hosted in Australia. Journal of Policy Research in Tourism, Leisure and Events, 4(2), 155–184.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Veenhoven, R. (2000). The four qualities of life: ordering concepts and measures of the good life. Journal of Happiness Studies, 1, 1–39.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Waitt, G. (2003). Social impacts of the Sydney Olympics. Annals of Tourism Research, 30(1), 194–215.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yu, C. P., Chancellor, H. C., & Cole, S. T. (2011). Examining the effects of tourism impacts on resident quality of life: evidence from rural midwestern communities in USA. International Journal of Tourism Sciences, 11(2), 161–186.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yu, C. P., Cole, S. T., & Chancellor, C. (2014). Assessing community quality of life in the context of tourism development. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 11(1), 147–162.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ziakas, V., & Costa, C. A. (2011). The use of an event portfolio in regional community and tourism development: Creating synergy between sport and cultural events. Journal of Sport and Tourism, 16(2), 149–175.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Yi-De Liu.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Liu, YD. Quality of Life as Event Legacy: an Evaluation of Liverpool as the 2008 European Capital of Culture. Applied Research Quality Life 12, 653–670 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-016-9481-8

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-016-9481-8

Keywords

Navigation