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Liquefaction and cold volcanism

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Abstract

The escape of pore fluid from a granular matrix has the tendency to localize into relatively thin tubes. This manifests itself in sand/water volcanos at the ground surface. In this paper this phenomenon is attributed to the following two mechanisms: (1) opening of horizontal gaps filled with pore fluid, and subsequently, (2) a sort of Rayleigh–Taylor instability exhibited due to the fact that a heavy fluid rests upon a lighter one. If the pore fluid is water, then we have the so-called cold volcanism. If the pore fluid is molten rock, then we have conventional volcanos.

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Notes

  1. The momentum balance for each individual phase, formulated as jump relation is somehow controversial. For the derivations to follow, it is sufficient to consider only the total momentum, as it results from all phases. This is expressed by the summation symbol \(\Upsigma_i.\)

  2. To adhere to the here used notation, I should rather write γ w (=ρ w g), but I adhere to the generally used symbol γ w .

  3. Actually, no surface tension is known to act in the interface of water and water-saturated soil. As for the viscous drag, being a mass force, it cannot be the reason of a surface force acting upon the interface.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Geotechnical and Tunnel Engineering University of Innsbruck, Techniker Str. 13, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria

    Dimitrios Kolymbas

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  1. Dimitrios Kolymbas
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Correspondence to Dimitrios Kolymbas.

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This article was dedicated to my colleague and friend Roberto Nova.

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Kolymbas, D. Liquefaction and cold volcanism. Acta Geotech. 10, 369–374 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-013-0268-x

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