Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Cenozoic tectonic and geomorphic evolution of the Longxi region in northeastern Tibetan Plateau interpreted from detrital zircon

  • Research Paper
  • Published:
Science China Earth Sciences Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The Longxi region contains different kinds of Cenozoic sediments, including eolian deposits, reworked loess, fluvial and lacustrine deposits. The provenance evolution of these sediments is of great significance in exploring the uplift, tectonic deformation and associated with geomorphic evolution of the Northeastern Tibetan Plateau. In this paper, we used the single-grain zircon provenance analysis to constrain the provenances for the Paleogene alluvial conglomerates and for the Neogene fluvial-lacustrine sediments, and compared them with results from the loess deposits since the Miocene. The results show that: (1) the Paleogene alluvial conglomerates contain a large number of detrital zircons ranging from 560 to 1100 Ma that were derived from the Yangzi Block. However, the sediments of early Miocene have much fewer zircons of this age span, which are characterized by an abundance of zircon ages in the ranges of 200–360 Ma. This indicates that the Paleogene alluvial conglomerates mainly come from the middle and/or southern West Qinling, and the early Miocene sediments are primarily from the northern West Qinling; (2) Late Neogene fluvial sediments (11.5 Ma onward) in Tianshui-Qinan region are dominated by zircon ages of 380–450 Ma. This zircon population is similar to that of the exposed intrusive rocks of southern part of the Liupan Mountains, implying that the southern part of Liupan Mountains probably had already uplifted by 11.5 Ma; (3) Late Miocene lacustrine sediments in Tianshui region have a zircon age spectra that is remarkably different from coeval fluvial deposits, but is similar to the zircon age distributions of the Miocene loess in Qinan region, late Miocene-Pliocene Hipparion red clay and Quaternary loess. This indicates that fine particles within these Miocene lacustrine sediments in Tianshui region may be dominated by aeolian materials. This study reveals that provenance changes of Cenozoic sediments in Tianshui-Qinan region and its geomorphic evolution are closely related to the multi-stage uplift of the Northeastern Tibetan Plateau. In particular, the major uplift of the Northern Tibetan Plateau during late Oligocene-early Miocene may have not only provided the source areas and wind dynamic conditions for the deposits of the Miocene loess, but also provided the geomorphic conditions for its accumulation.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Andersen T. 2002. Correction of common lead in U-Pb analyses that do not report 204Pb. Chem Geol, 192: 59–79

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • An Z S, Kutzbach J E, Prell W L, Porter S C. 2001. Evolution of Asian monsoons and phased uplift of the Himalaya-Tibetan Plateau since Late Miocene times. Nature, 411: 62–66

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • An Z S, Zhang P Z, Wang E, Wang S M, Qiang X K, Li L, Song Y G, Chang H, Liu X D, Zhou W J, Liu W G, Cao J J, Li X Q, Shen J, Liu Y, Ai L. 2006. Changes of the monsoon-arid environment in China and growth of the Tibetan Plateau since the Miocene (in Chinese). Quat Sci, 26: 678–693

    Google Scholar 

  • Cao X, Lü X, Yao S, Mei W, Zou X, Chen C, Liu S, Zhang P, Su Y, Zhang B. 2011. LA-ICP-MS U-Pb zircon geochronology, geochemistry and kinetics of the Wenquan ore-bearing granites from West Qinling, China. Ore Geol Rev, 43: 120–131

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Che X, Li G. 2013. Binary sources of loess on the Chinese Loess Plateau revealed by U-Pb ages of zircon. Quat Res, 80: 545–551

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen Z, Li G. 2013. Evolving sources of eolian detritus on the Chinese Loess Plateau since early Miocene: Tectonic and climatic controls. Earth Planet Sci Lett, 371-372: 220–225

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clark M K, Farley K A, Zheng D, Wang Z, Duvall A R. 2010. Early Cenozoic faulting of the northern Tibetan Plateau margin from apatite (U-Th)/He ages. Earth Planet Sci Lett, 296: 78–88

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Craddock W, Kirby E, Zhang H. 2011. Late Miocene-Pliocene range growth in the interior of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau. Lithosphere, 3: 420–438

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Darby B J, Gehrels G. 2006. Detrital zircon reference for the North China block. J Asian Earth Sci, 26: 637–648

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Duvall A R, Clark M K, van der Pluijm B A, Li C. 2011. Direct dating of Eocene reverse faulting in northeastern Tibet using Ar-dating of fault clays and low-temperature thermochronometry. Earth Planet Sci Lett, 304: 520–526

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Enkelmann E, Ratschbacher L, Jonckheere R, Nestler R, Fleischer M, Gloaguen R, Hacker B R, Zhang Y Q, Ma Y S. 2006. Cenozoic exhumation and deformation of northeastern Tibet and the Qinling: Is Tibetan lower crustal flow diverging around the Sichuan Basin? Geol Soc Am Bull, 118: 651–671

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fang X, Zhang W, Meng Q, Gao J, Wang X, King J, Song C, Dai S, Miao Y. 2007. High-resolution magnetostratigraphy of the Neogene Huaitoutala section in the eastern Qaidam Basin on the NE Tibetan Plateau, Qinghai Province, China and its implication on tectonic uplift of the NE Tibetan Plateau. Earth Planet Sci Lett, 258: 293–306

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ge J, Guo Z, Zhan T, Yao Z, Deng C, Oldfield F. 2012. Magnetostratigraphy of the Xihe loess-soil sequence and implication for late Neogene deformation of the West Qinling Mountains. Geophys J Int, 189: 1399–1408

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gehrels G, Kapp P, Decelles P, Pullen A, Blakey R, Weislogel A, Ding L, Guynn J, Martin A, McQuarrie N, Yin A. 2011. Detrital zircon geochronology of pre-Tertiary strata in the Tibetan-Himalayan orogen. Tectonics, 30: TC5016

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • George A D, Marshallsea S J, Wyrwoll K H, Jie C, Lu Y C. 2001. Miocene cooling in the northern Qilian Shan, northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau, revealed by apatite fission-track and vitrinite-reflectance analysis. Geology, 29: 939–942

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guo Z T, Ruddiman W F, Hao Q Z, Wu H B, Qiao Y S, Zhu R X, Peng S Z, Wei J J, Yuan B Y, Liu T S. 2002. Onset of Asian desertification by 22 Myr ago inferred from loess deposits in China. Nature, 416: 159–163

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guo Z T, Sun B, Zhang Z S, Peng S Z, Xiao G Q, Ge J Y, Hao Q Z, Qiao Y S, Liang M Y, Liu J F, Yin Q Z, Wei J J. 2008. A major reorganization of Asian climate by the early Miocene. Clim Past, 4: 153–174

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guo Z T, Ge J Y, Xiao G Q, Hao Q Z, Wu H B, Zhan T, Liu L, Qin L, Zeng F M, Yuan B Y. 2010. Comment on “Mudflat/distal fan and shallow lake sedimentation (upper Vallesian-Turolian) in the Tianshui Basin, Central China: Evidence against the late Miocene eolian loess” by A.M. Alonso-Zarza, Z. Zhao, C.H. Song, J.J. Li, J. Zhang, A. Martín-Pérez, R. Martín-García, X.X. Wang, Y. Zhang and M.H. Zhang [Sedimentary Geology 222 (2009) 42–51]. Sediment Geol, 230: 86–89

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hao Q, Guo Z. 2004. Magnetostratigraphy of a late Miocene-Pliocene loesssoil sequence in the western Loess Plateau in China. Geophys Res Lett, 31: L09209

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hao Q, Guo Z. 2007. Magnetostratigraphy of an early-middle Miocene loess-soil sequence in the western Loess Plateau of China. Geophys Res Lett, 34: L18305

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hough B G, Garzione C N, Wang Z, Lease R O, Burbank D W, Yuan D. 2011. Stable isotope evidence for topographic growth and basin segmentation: Implications for the evolution of the NE Tibetan Plateau. Geol Soc Am Bull, 123: 168–185

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jolivet M, Brunel M, Seward D, Xu Z, Yang J, Roger F, Tapponnier P, Malavieille J, Arnaud N, Wu C. 2001. Mesozoic and Cenozoic tectonics of the northern edge of the Tibetan Plateau: Fission-track constraints. Tectonophysics, 343: 111–134

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lease R O, Burbank D W, Hough B, Wang Z, Yuan D. 2012. Pulsed Miocene range growth in northeastern Tibet: Insights from Xunhua Basin magnetostratigraphy and provenance. Geol Soc Am Bull, 124: 657–677

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li G, Pettke T, Chen J. 2011. Increasing Nd isotopic ratio of Asian dust indicates progressive uplift of the north Tibetan Plateau since the middle Miocene. Geology, 39: 199–202

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li J, Zhang J, Song C, Zhao Z, Zhang Y, Wang X, Zhang J, Cui Q. 2006. Miocene Bahean stratigraphy in the Longzhong Basin, northern central China and its implications in environmental change. Sci China Ser D-Earth Sci, 49: 1270–1279

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li Y, Wang C, Dai J, Xu G, Hou Y, Li X. 2015. Propagation of the deformation and growth of the Tibetan-Himalayan orogen: A review. Earth-Sci Rev, 143: 36–61

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liang M Y, Wang Z X, Zhou S, Zong K Q, Hu Z C. 2014. The provenance of Gansu Group in Longxi region and implications for tectonics and paleoclimate. Sci China Earth Sci, 57: 1221–1228

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ling W L, Duan R C, Liu X M, Cheng J P, Mao X W, Peng L H, Liu Z X, Yang H M, Ren B F. 2010. U-Pb dating of detrital zircons from the Wudangshan Group in the South Qinling and its geological significance. Chin Sci Bull, 55: 2440–2448

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu S, Li J, Stockli D F, Song C, Nie J, Peng T, Wang X, He K, Hui Z, Zhang J. 2015a. Late Tertiary reorganizations of deformation in northeastern Tibet constrained by stratigraphy and provenance data from eastern Longzhong Basin. J Geophys Res, 120: 5804–5821

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu X D, Dong B W. 2013. Influence of the Tibetan Plateau uplift on the Asian monsoon-arid environment evolution. Chin Sci Bull, 58: 4277–4291

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu X, Yin Z Y. 2002. Sensitivity of East Asian monsoon climate to the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau. Paleogeogr Paleoclimatol Paleoecol, 183: 223–245

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu X, Sun H, Miao Y, Dong B, Yin Z Y. 2015b. Impacts of uplift of northern Tibetan Plateau and formation of Asian inland deserts on regional climate and environment. Quat Sci Rev, 116: 1–14

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu Y, Gao S, Hu Z, Gao C, Zong K, Wang D. 2010. Continental and oceanic crust recycling-induced melt-peridotite interactions in the Trans-North China Orogen: U-Pb dating, Hf isotopes and trace elements in zircons from mantle xenoliths. J Petrol, 51: 537–571

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lu H, Wang E, Shi X, Meng K. 2012. Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the Elashan range and its surroundings, northern Tibetan Plateau as constrained by paleomagnetism and apatite fission track analyses. Tectonophysics, 580: 150–161

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meng Q R, Zhang G W. 2000. Geologic framework and tectonic evolution of the Qinling orogen, central China. Tectonophysics, 323: 183–196

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nie J, Peng W, Möller A, Song Y, Stockli D F, Stevens T, Horton B K, Liu S, Bird A, Oalmann J, Gong H, Fang X. 2014. Provenance of the upper Miocene-Pliocene Red Clay deposits of the Chinese Loess Plateau. Earth Planet Sci Lett, 407: 35–47

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pan B T, Li Q Y, Hu X F, Geng H P, Liu Z B, Jiang S F, Yuan W M. 2013. Cretaceous and Cenozoic cooling history of the eastern Qilian Shan, north-eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau: Evidence from apatite fission-track analysis. Terra Nova, 25: 431–438

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pullen A, Kapp P, McCallister A T, Chang H, Gehrels G E, Garzione C N, Heermance R V, Ding L. 2011. Qaidam Basin and northern Tibetan Plateau as dust sources for the Chinese Loess Plateau and paleoclimatic implications. Geology, 39: 1031–1034

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Qiang X, An Z, Song Y, Chang H, Sun Y, Liu W, Ao H, Dong J, Fu C, Wu F, Lu F, Cai Y, Zhou W, Cao J, Xu X, Ai L. 2011. New eolian red clay sequence on the western Chinese Loess Plateau linked to onset of Asian desertification about 25 Ma ago. Sci China Earth Sci, 54: 136–144

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Qu Y P, Cai T L. 1984. The Tertiary in Gansu Province (in Chinese). Gansu Geol, 2: 1–40

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramstein G, Fluteau F, Besse J, Joussaume S. 1997. Effect of orogeny, plate motion and land-sea distribution on Eurasian climate change over the past 30 million years. Nature, 386: 788–795

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • RTMGSPGM (The Regional Team of Bureau of Geology in Shanxi Province of Geology Ministry). 1968. Report of Regional Geological Surveys of People’s Republic of China, Tianshui (1:200000) (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Shang Y, Beets C J, Tang H, Prins M A, Lahaye Y, van Elsas R, Sukselainen L, Kaakinen A. 2016. Variations in the provenance of the late Neogene Red Clay deposits in northern China. Earth Planet Sci Lett, 439: 88–100

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shi Y F, Tang M C, Ma Y Z. 1999. Linkage between the second uplifting of the Qinghai-Xizang (Tibetan) Plateau and the initiation of the Asian monsoon system. Sci China Ser D-Earth Sci, 42: 303–312

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sobel E R, Chen J, Heermance R V. 2006. Late Oligocene-Early Miocene initiation of shortening in the Southwestern Chinese Tian Shan: Implications for Neogene shortening rate variations. Earth Planet Sci Lett, 247: 70–81

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Song Y G, Fang X M, Li J J, An Z S, Miao X D. 2001. The Late Cenozoic uplift of the Liupan Shan, China. Sci China Ser D-Earth Sci, 44: 176–184

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stevens T, Palk C, Carter A, Lu H, Clift P D. 2010. Assessing the provenance of loess and desert sediments in northern China using U-Pb dating and morphology of detrital zircons. Geol Soc Am Bull, 122: 1331–1344

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sun J, Zhu R, An Z. 2005. Tectonic uplift in the northern Tibetan Plateau since 13.7 Ma ago inferred from molasse deposits along the Altyn Tagh Fault. Earth Planet Sci Lett, 235: 641–653

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sun X, Wang P. 2005. How old is the Asian monsoon system?—Palaeobotanical records from China. Paleogeogr Paleoclimatol Paleoecol, 222: 181–222

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • TRTBGGPGM (The Third Regional Team of Bureau of Geology in Gansu Province of Geology Ministry). 1974. Report of Regional Geological Surveys of People’s Republic of China, Qin’an (1:200000) (in Chinese). Lanzhou: The 543th Factory Publishing House

    Google Scholar 

  • Vermeesch P. 2012. On the visualisation of detrital age distributions. Chem Geol, 312-313: 190–194

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang C, Dai J, Zhao X, Li Y, Graham S A, He D, Ran B, Meng J. 2014. Outward-growth of the Tibetan Plateau during the Cenozoic: A review. Tectonophysics, 621: 1–43

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang E. 2013. Evolution of the Tibetan Plateau: As constrained by major tectonic-thermo events and a discussion on their origin (in Chinese). Chin J Geol, 48: 334–353

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang X, Zattin M, Li J, Song C, Peng T, Liu S, Liu B. 2011. Eocene to Pliocene exhumation history of the Tianshui-Huicheng region determined by Apatite fission track thermochronology: Implications for evolution of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau margin. J Asian Earth Sci, 42: 97–110

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang Z, Zhang P, Garzione C N, Lease R O, Zhang G, Zheng D, Hough B, Yuan D, Li C, Liu J, Wu Q. 2012. Magnetostratigraphy and depositional history of the Miocene Wushan basin on the NE Tibetan Plateau, China: Implications for middle Miocene tectonics of the West Qinling fault zone. J Asian Earth Sci, 44: 189–202

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang Z, Zhang P, Zhang G, Li C, Zheng D, Yuan D. 2006. Tertiary tectonic activities of the north front fault of the West Qinling-implication for the growth of the northeastern margin of Tibetan Plateau (in Chinese). Earth Sci Front, 13: 119–135

    Google Scholar 

  • Weislogel A L, Graham S A, Chang E Z, Wooden J L, Gehrels G E. 2010. Detrital zircon provenance from three turbidite depocenters of the Middle-Upper Triassic Songpan-Ganzi complex, central China: Record of collisional tectonics, erosional exhumation, and sediment production. Geol Soc Am Bull, 122: 2041–2062

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xiao G, Guo Z, Dupont-Nivet G, Lu H, Wu N, Ge J, Hao Q, Peng S, Li F, Abels H A, Zhang K. 2012a. Evidence for northeastern Tibetan Plateau uplift between 25 and 20 Ma in the sedimentary archive of the Xining Basin, Northwestern China. Earth Planet Sci Lett, 317-318: 185–195

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xiao G, Zhang C, Guo Z. 2014. Initiation of East Asian Monsoon system related to Tibetan Plateau uplift from the latest Oligocene to the earliest Miocene (in Chinese). Chin J Nat, 6: 165–169

    Google Scholar 

  • Xiao G, Zong K, Li G, Hu Z, Dupont-Nivet G, Peng S, Zhang K. 2012b. Spatial and glacial-interglacial variations in provenance of the Chinese Loess Plateau. Geophys Res Lett, 39: L20715

    Google Scholar 

  • Xu Y J, Du Y S, Cawood P A, Guo H, Huang H, An Z H. 2010. Detrital zircon record of continental collision: Assembly of the Qilian Orogen, China. Sediment Geol, 230: 35–45

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yang J, Gao S, Chen C, Tang Y, Yuan H, Gong H, Xie S, Wang J. 2009. Episodic crustal growth of North China as revealed by U-Pb age and Hf isotopes of detrital zircons from modern rivers. Geochim Cosmochim Acta, 73: 2660–2673

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yuan B Y, Guo Z T, Hao Q Z, Peng S Z, Qiao Y S, Wu H B, Xiao G Q, Ge J Y, Sun B, Zhou X, Yin Q Z, Liang M Y, Qin L, Liu L, Yao Z Q, Liu T. 2007. Cenozoic evolution of geomorphic and sedimentary environments in the Tianshui-Qin’an regions (in Chinese). Quat Sci, 27: 161–171

    Google Scholar 

  • Yue L, Heller F, Qiu Z, Zhang L, Xie G, Qiu Z, Zhang Y. 2001. Magnetostratigraphy and pavleo-environmental record of Tertiary deposits of Lanzhou Basin. Chin Sci Bull, 46: 770–773

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhan T, Guo Z T, Wu H B, Ge J Y, Zhou X, Wu C L, Zeng F M. 2011. Thick Miocene eolian deposits on the Huajialing Mountains: The geomorphic evolution of the western Loess Plateau. Sci China Earth Sci, 54: 241–248

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang H F, Zhang B R, Harris N, Zhang L, Chen Y L, Chen N S, Zhao Z D. 2006. U-Pb zircon SHRIMP ages, geochemical and Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic compositions of intrusive rocks from the Longshan-Tianshui area in the southeast corner of the Qilian orogenic belt, China: Constraints on petrogenesis and tectonic affinity. J Asian Earth Sci, 27: 751–764

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang K X, Wang G C, Ji J L, Luo M S, Kou X H, Wang Y M, Xu Y D, Chen F N, Chen R M, Song B W, Zhang J Y, Liang Y P. 2010. Paleogene-Neogene stratigraphic realm and sedimentary sequence of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and their response to uplift of the plateau. Sci China Earth Sci, 53: 1271–1294

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zheng D, Zhang P Z, Wan J, Yuan D, Li C, Yin G, Zhang G, Wang Z, Min W, Chen J. 2006. Rapid exhumation at ~8 Ma on the Liupan Shan thrust fault from apatite fission-track thermochronology: Implications for growth of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau margin. Earth Planet Sci Lett, 248: 198–208

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

Two anonymous reviewers are thanked for their constructive comments and suggestions. We also thank Wu Jianxun and Zhou Sen for their assistance with field sampling and Xiao Guoqiao (associate professor at CUG-Wuhan) for his valuable suggestions. James Ogg (professor at CUG-Wuhan and Purdue University of USA) polished portions of the English version of this work and advised on aspects of the presentation. The U-Pb age data in this article can be obtained by sending email to us. This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 41572339, 41002051 & 41322013) and Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan) (Grant No. CUG160217).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China

    ZhiXiang Wang, YuQi Sun & GaoWen Dai

  2. Laboratory of Critical Zone Evolution, School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China

    ZhiXiang Wang, YuQi Sun & GaoWen Dai

  3. Department of Regional Planning and Geoinformatical Technology, School of Public Administration, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China

    MeiYan Liang

  4. Laboratory of Geographical Environment and National Park, School of Public Administration, China University of Geoscience, Wuhan, 430074, China

    MeiYan Liang

Authors
  1. ZhiXiang Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. MeiYan Liang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. YuQi Sun
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. GaoWen Dai
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to MeiYan Liang.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Wang, Z., Liang, M., Sun, Y. et al. Cenozoic tectonic and geomorphic evolution of the Longxi region in northeastern Tibetan Plateau interpreted from detrital zircon. Sci. China Earth Sci. 60, 256–267 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-016-5247-9

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-016-5247-9

Keywords

Search

Navigation