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Diabetes mellitus und Demenz

Diabetes mellitus and dementia

  • Leitthema
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Zusammenfassung

Epidemiologische Studien konnten eine Assoziation von Diabetes mellitus mit leichten kognitiven Störungen und Demenzerkrankungen nachweisen. Je länger der Diabetes besteht und je länger er nicht suffizient behandelt wird, desto höher ist das Demenzrisiko. Diabetes begünstigt die neuropathologischen Veränderungen der Alzheimer-Erkrankung. Diabetische Mikroangiopathie und pathologische Angiogenese fördern die chronische Inflammation und zerebrale Hypoxie. Oxidativer Stress schädigt Zellen direkt. Glykation führt zu mitochondrialer Dysfunktion. Insulin konkurriert mit β-Amyloid um ein insulinabbauendes Enzym, wodurch der Abbau von β-Amyloid gestört wird. Diese Prozesse fördern die β-Amyloid-Bildung und τ-Hyperphosphorylierung. Therapeutische Ansätze aus der Diabetesbehandlung, wie Lebensstilveränderungen, Metformin, Insulin-Sensitizer und Insulingabe, werden derzeit bezüglich ihres neuroprotektiven Potenzials untersucht bzw. haben bereits vielversprechende Ergebnisse gezeigt. Aufgrund seiner hohen Inzidenz wird Diabetes mellitus bei Prävention und Therapie der Demenz zunehmende Bedeutung beigemessen.

Abstract

Epidemiological studies have demonstrated an association between diabetes mellitus, cognitive impairment and dementia. The risk of dementia is positively associated with the duration and insufficient treatment of diabetes. Diabetes promotes neuropathological changes observed in Alzheimer’s disease. Microangiopathy and pathological angiogenesis induce chronic inflammation and cerebral hypoxia. Oxidative stress directly causes cell damage and glycation leads to mitochondrial dysfunction. Both insulin and beta amyloid are substrates of an insulin-degrading enzyme which explains decreased beta amyloid degradation in cases of hyperinsulinemia. All these processes promote the formation of beta amyloid plaques and hyperphosphorylation of tau protein. Antidiabetic therapies, such as change of lifestyle, metformin, insulin sensitizers and insulin, are currently being investigated. Due to the high burden of disease effective prevention and treatment of diabetes mellitus could translate into a substantial reduction of dementia cases.

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Interessenkonflikt

Der korrespondierende Autor weist für sich und seinen Koautor auf folgende Beziehungen hin: H.F erhielt Mittel von fast allen in Deutschland auf dem Gebiet psychischer Erkrankungen tätigen Pharmafirmen für Projekte, Beratung und Vorträge. B.F. erhielt Mittel von Lundbeck für Seminare.

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  1. Klinik und Poliklinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, München, Deutschland

    B. Fatke & H. Förstl

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  1. B. Fatke
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  2. H. Förstl
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Correspondence to B. Fatke.

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Fatke, B., Förstl, H. Diabetes mellitus und Demenz. Diabetologe 9, 217–225 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11428-012-0951-9

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