Abstract
We aimed to investigate whether aging increases the susceptibility of hepatic and renal inflammation or fibrosis in response to high-fat diet (HFD) and explore the underlying genetic alterations. Middle (10 months old) and old (20 months old) aged, male C57BL/6N mice were fed either a low-fat diet (4 % fat) or HFD (60 % fat) for 4 months. Young (3 months old) aged mice were included as control group. HFD-induced liver and kidney injuries were analyzed by serum and urine assay, histologic staining, immunohistochemistry, and reverse-transcription real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Total RNA sequencing with next-generation technology was done with RNA extracted from liver tissues. With HFD feeding, aged was associated with higher serum alanine aminotransferase levels, marked infiltration of hepatic macrophages, and increased expression of inflammatory cytokines (MCP1, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, IL-17A). Importantly, aged mice showed more advanced hepatic fibrosis and increased expression of fibrogenic markers (Col-I-α1, αSMA, TGF-β1, TGF-β2, TGFβRII, PDGF, PDGFRβII, TIMP1) in response to HFD. Aged mice fed on HFD also showed increased oxidative stress and TLR4 expression. In the total RNA seq and gene ontology analysis of liver, old-aged HFD group showed significant up-regulation of genes linked to innate immune response, immune response, defense response, inflammatory response compared to middle-aged HFD group. Meanwhile, aging and HFD feeding showed significant increase in glomerular size and mesangial area, higher urine albumin/creatinine ratio, and advanced renal inflammation or fibrosis. However, the difference of HFD-induced renal injury between old-aged group and middle-aged group was not significant. The susceptibility of hepatic fibrosis as well as hepatic inflammation in response to HFD was significantly increased with aging. In addition, aging was associated with glomerular alterations and increased renal inflammation or fibrosis, while the differential effect of aging on HFD-induced renal injury was not remarkable as shown in the liver.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Organization WH (2011) Global health and aging: World Health Organization
López-Otín C, Blasco MA, Partridge L, Serrano M, Kroemer G (2013) The hallmarks of aging. Cell 153(6):1194–1217
Schmucker DL (2005) Age-related changes in liver structure and function: implications for disease ? Exp Gerontol 40(8-9):650–659
Hohn A, Grune T (2013) Lipofuscin: formation, effects and role of macroautophagy. Redox Biol 1(1):140–144
Park SH, Jeon WK, Kim SH, Kim HJ, Park DI, Cho YK et al (2006) Prevalence and risk factors of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease among Korean adults. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 21(1 Pt 1):138–143
Amarapurkar D, Kamani P, Patel N, Gupte P, Kumar P, Agal S et al (2007) Prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: population based study. Ann Hepatol 6(3):161–163
Chalasani N, Younossi Z, Lavine JE, Diehl AM, Brunt EM, Cusi K et al (2012) The diagnosis and management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: practice guideline by the American Gastroenterological Association, American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases, and American College of Gastroenterology. Gastroenterology 142(7):1592–1609
Koehler EM, Schouten JN, Hansen BE, van Rooij FJ, Hofman A, Stricker BH et al (2012) Prevalence and risk factors of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in the elderly: results from the Rotterdam study. J Hepatol 57(6):1305–1311
Frith J, Day CP, Henderson E, Burt AD, Newton JL (2009) Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in older people. Gerontology 55(6):607–613
Noureddin M, Yates KP, Vaughn IA, Neuschwander-Tetri BA, Sanyal AJ, McCullough A et al (2013) Clinical and histological determinants of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and advanced fibrosis in elderly patients. Hepatology 58(5):1644–1654
Choudhury D, Levi M (2011) Kidney aging—inevitable or preventable? Nat Rev Nephrol 7(12):706–717
Bolignano D, Mattace-Raso F, Sijbrands EJ, Zoccali C (2014) The aging kidney revisited: a systematic review. Ageing Res Rev 14:65–80
Deji N, Kume S, Araki S, Soumura M, Sugimoto T, Isshiki K et al (2009) Structural and functional changes in the kidneys of high-fat diet-induced obese mice. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 296(1):F118–F126
Dobin A, Davis CA, Schlesinger F, Drenkow J, Zaleski C, Jha S et al (2013) STAR: ultrafast universal RNA-seq aligner. Bioinformatics 29(1):15–21
Heinz S, Benner C, Spann N, Bertolino E, Lin YC, Laslo P et al (2010) Simple combinations of lineage-determining transcription factors prime cis-regulatory elements required for macrophage and B cell identities. Mol Cell 38(4):576–589
Robinson MD, McCarthy DJ, Smyth GK (2010) edgeR: a Bioconductor package for differential expression analysis of digital gene expression data. Bioinformatics 26(1):139–140
Barzilai N, Huffman DM, Muzumdar RH, Bartke A (2012) The critical role of metabolic pathways in aging. Diabetes 61(6):1315–1322
Sheedfar F, Sung MM, Aparicio-Vergara M, Kloosterhuis NJ, Miquilena-Colina ME, Vargas-Castrillon J et al (2014) Increased hepatic CD36 expression with age is associated with enhanced susceptibility to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Aging (Albany NY) 6(4):281–295
van der Heijden RA, Sheedfar F, Morrison MC, Hommelberg PP, Kor D, Kloosterhuis NJ et al (2015a) High-fat diet induced obesity primes inflammation in adipose tissue prior to liver in C57BL/6j mice. Aging (Albany NY) 7(4):256–268
Tran L, Greenwood-Van Meerveld B (2013) Age-associated remodeling of the intestinal epithelial barrier. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 68(9):1045–1056
Kisseleva T (2014) Does interleukin-17 play the villain in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis? Hepatology 59(5):1671–1672
Floreani A (2007) Liver diseases in the elderly: an update. Dig Dis 25(2):138–143
Collins BH, Holzknecht ZE, Lynn KA, Sempowski GD, Smith CC, Liu S et al (2013) Association of age-dependent liver injury and fibrosis with immune cell populations. Liver Int 33(8):1175–1186
Mahrouf-Yorgov M, de L’hortet AC, Cosson C, Slama A, Abdoun E, Guidotti JE et al (2011) Increased susceptibility to liver fibrosis with age is correlated with an altered inflammatory response. Rejuvenation Res 14(4):353–363
Fontana L, Zhao E, Amir M, Dong H, Tanaka K, Czaja MJ (2013) Aging promotes the development of diet-induced murine steatohepatitis but not steatosis. Hepatology 57(3):995–1004
Sheedfar F, Di Biase S, Koonen D, Vinciguerra M (2013) Liver diseases and aging: friends or foes? Aging Cell 12(6):950–954
Amir M, Czaja MJ (2011) Autophagy in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 5(2):159–166
Aravinthan A, Scarpini C, Tachtatzis P, Verma S, Penrhyn-Lowe S, Harvey R et al (2013) Hepatocyte senescence predicts progression in non-alcohol-related fatty liver disease. J Hepatol 58(3):549–556
Franceschi C, Bonafe M, Valensin S, Olivieri F, De Luca M, Ottaviani E et al (2000) Inflammaging. An evolutionary perspective on immunosenescence. Ann N Y Acad Sci 908:244–254
Jin J, Iakova P, Breaux M, Sullivan E, Jawanmardi N, Chen D et al (2013) Increased expression of enzymes of triglyceride synthesis is essential for the development of hepatic steatosis. Cell Rep 3(3):831–843
Brenner DA, Seki E, Taura K, Kisseleva T, Deminicis S, Iwaisako K et al (2011) Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis-induced fibrosis: Toll-like receptors, reactive oxygen species and Jun N-terminal kinase. Hepatol Res 41(7):683–686
Paik YH, Brenner DA (2011) NADPH oxidase mediated oxidative stress in hepatic fibrogenesis. Korean J Hepatol 17(4):251–257
Martin JE, Sheaff MT (2007) Renal ageing. J Pathol 211(2):198–205
Wiggins JE (2012) Aging in the glomerulus. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 67(12):1358–1364
van der Heijden RA, Bijzet J, Meijers WC, Yakala GK, Kleemann R, Nguyen TQ et al (2015b) Obesity-induced chronic inflammation in high fat diet challenged C57BL/6J mice is associated with acceleration of age-dependent renal amyloidosis. Sci Rep 5:16474
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
None.
Financial support and sponsorship
This research was supported by The GlaxoSmithKline Research Fund of the Korean Association for the study of the Liver (In Hee Kim).
Support: NIH R01MH094151-01 and MH019934, and the Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California, San Diego.
Electronic supplementary material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Supplement Table 1
(DOC 75 kb)
Supplement Figure 1
(DOC 551 kb)
About this article
Cite this article
Kim, I.H., Xu, J., Liu, X. et al. Aging increases the susceptibility of hepatic inflammation, liver fibrosis and aging in response to high-fat diet in mice. AGE 38, 291–302 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11357-016-9938-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11357-016-9938-6