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Contribution of environmental media to cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis prevalence in Tehran: a focus on surface waters

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Abstract

The occurrences of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in surface sources of drinking water in Tehran were monitored, using US EPA method 1623.1. The prevalence ratios (PR) of positive samples among other media (animal’s stools, vegetables, and human’s stools) were also estimated from literature data. The density of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in water samples were 0.129 ± 0.069 cysts/L and 0.005 ± 0.002 oocysts/L, respectively. Estimated PR in vegetables, animal stools, surface waters, and human stools were 6.65, 20.42, 21.05, and 4.28 % for Cryptosporidium and 6.46, 17.13, 73.68, and 15.65 % for Giardia, respectively. These reveal the importance of surface waters’ and animal stools’ roles in the prevalence of cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis in Tehran’s population. Giardia’s prevalence in untreated surface waters in Tehran was found 3.5 times as much as Cryptosporidium while this found 2.3 times on a global scale. Moreover, the prevalence of giardiasis to cryptosporidiosis infections in Tehran’s human population was 3.65. These values could be a clue to attribute the infections to the occurrence of parasites in surface waters. Significant (p < 0.05) associations were observed between rainfalls and presence of Giardia (r = 0.62) and Cryptosporidium (r = 0.60) in surface waters. In autumn, rainfalls can increase the parasites occurrences in surface waters. Significant (p < 0.05) difference on the density of parasites was found between some seasons using Kruskal-Wallis and multiple comparison tests. A significant correlation (r = 0.86) between Giardia and Cryptosporidium densities also confirms the common sources of pollution in surface waters. Findings suggest that untreated surface waters in Tehran may be a potential route of human exposure to protozoan parasites.

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the Tehran University of Medical Sciences and Department of Water and Wastewater Quality Control Laboratory of Tehran as a part of Ph.D. dissertation (Grant No. 92-02-46-22845). The authors are grateful to all stuffs especially Mrs. Soheila Jahantab from Water and Wastewater Biological Quality Control Laboratory of Tehran for their all assistances.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Center for Water Quality Research (CWQR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Mahdi Hadi, Alireza Mesdaghinia & Simin Nasseri

  2. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Alireza Mesdaghinia, Masud Yunesian, Simin Nasseri & Ramin Nabizadeh Nodehi

  3. Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Masud Yunesian & Ramin Nabizadeh Nodehi

  4. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Islamic Azad University-Tehran Medical Branch, Tehran, Iran

    Hamidreza Tashauoei

  5. Department of Water and Wastewater Quality Control Laboratory, Water and Wastewater Company, Tehran, Iran

    Esfandiar Jalilzadeh & Roya Zarinnejad

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Hadi, M., Mesdaghinia, A., Yunesian, M. et al. Contribution of environmental media to cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis prevalence in Tehran: a focus on surface waters. Environ Sci Pollut Res 23, 19317–19329 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-7055-9

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