Abstract
The present work reports the variation of 31 carbonyl compounds (CC) in an apartment located at Niterói City, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Eight sampling campaigns were conducted through a 1-year period, and three areas (living room, kitchen, and bedroom) were evaluated before, during, and after the renovation activities and reoccupation of the apartment. Samples were collected using SEP-PAK cartridges impregnated with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine, and the hydrazones were analyzed using rapid resolution liquid chromatography with UV detection. The lowest total concentration of CC (19.0 ± 1.5 μg m−3) was found before the renovation when the apartment was empty, but door varnishing resulted in highest contamination of the apartment (1386 ± 384 μg m−3); however, an important dispersion of CC was observed in the subsequent sampling (148 ± 1.8 μg m−3). After apartment reoccupation, the indoor contamination seemed to depend on the routine activities taken there, such as household product use and cooking activities, but apparently, local temperature increase favored the vaporization of the volatile CC from the building materials in the apartment. As far as we are concerned, this is the first study comparing the concentrations of 31 CC in residential areas before, during, and after renovation activities taken in Brazil.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
ABNT (2013) Brazilian National Standards Organization. NBR15575-4. Sistemas de vedações verticais internas e externas. http://360arquitetura.arq.br/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/NBR_15575-4_2013_Final. Sistemas-de-vedações-verticais-internas-e-externas.pdf. Accessed March 23, 2016
Aguado S, Polo AC, Bernal MP, Coronas J, Santamaría J (2004) Removal of pollutants from indoor air using zeolite membranes. J Membr Sci 240:159–166
Apollonio LG, Pianca DJ, Whittall IR, Maher WA, Kyd JM (2006) A demonstration of the use of ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry [UPLC/MS] in the determination of amphetamine-type substances and ketamine for forensic and toxicological analysis. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 836:111–115
ASHRAE Standard 62.2. (2010) Ventilate Right - Ventilation Guide for New and Existing California Homes. https://resaveguide.lbl.gov/ashrae-standard-62-2. Accessed March 23, 2016
Baez A, Padilla H, Garcıa R, Torres MC, Rosas I, Belmont R (2003) Carbonyl levels in indoor and outdoor air in Mexico City and Xalapa, Mexico. Sci Total Environ 302:211–226
Bergh M (1999) Allergenic oxidation products. Acta DermatoVenereologia 79(suppl5):5–26
Blondel A, Plaisance H (2011) Screening of formaldehyde indoor sources and quantification of their emission using a passive sampler. Build Environ 46:1284–1291
Cavalcante RM, Campelo CS, Barbosa MJ, Silveira ER, Carvalho TV, Nascimento RF (2006) Determination of carbonyl compounds in air and cancer risk assessment in an academic institute in Fortaleza, Brazil. Atmos Environ 40:5701–5711
Chen Y, Ho KF, Ho SSH, Ho WK, Lee SC, Yu JZ, Sit EHL (2007) Gaseous and particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) emissions from commercial restaurants in Hong Kong. J Environ Monit 9:1402–1409
Corrêa SM, Arbilla G, Martins EM, Quitério SL, Guiarães CS, Gatti LV (2010) Five years of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde monitoring in the Rio de Janeiro downtown area - Brazil. Atmos Environ 44:2302–2308
Dassonville C, Demattei C, Laurent AM, Le Moullec Y, Seta N, Momas I (2009) Assessment and predictor determination of indoor aldehyde levels in Paris newborn babies’ homes. Indoor Air 19:314–323
de Carvalho AB, Kato M, Rezende MM, Pereira PAP, de Andrade JB (2008) Determination of carbonyl compounds in the atmosphere of charcoal plants by HPLC and UV detection. J Sep Sci 31:1686–1693
Díaz L, Llorca-Pórcel J, Valor I (2008) Ultra trace determination of 31 pesticides in water samples by direct injection-rapid resolution liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 624:90–96
Du Z, Mo J, Zhang Y (2014) Risk assessment of population inhalation exposure to volatile organic compounds and carbonyls in urban China. Environ Int 73:33–45
Eberlein-König B, Przybilla B, Kühnl P, Golling G, Gebefügi I, Ring J (2002) Multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS) and others: allergological, environmental and psychological investigations in individuals with indoor air related complaints. Int J Hyg Environ Health 205:213–220
Feron VJ, Til HP, Vrijer F, Woutersen RA, Cassee FR, van Bladeren PJ (1991) Aldehydes: occurrence, carcinogenic potential, mechanism of action and risk assessment. Mutat Res 259:363–385
Finete VLM, Gouvêa MM, Marques FFC, Pereira Netto AD (2014) Characterization of newfound natural luminescent properties of melamine, and development and validation of a method of high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection for its determination in kitchen plastic ware. Talanta 123:128–134
Fjällström P, Andersson B, Nilsson C (2003) Drying of linseed oil paints: the effects of substrate on the emission of aldehydes. Indoor Air 13:277–282
Freeman TL, Haver A, Duryee MJ, Tuma DJ, Klassen LW, Hamel FG, White RL, Rennard SI, Thiele GM (2005) Aldehydes in cigarette smoke react with the lipid peroxidation product malonaldehyde to form fluorescent protein adducts on lysines. Chem Res Toxicol 18:817–824
Gilbert NL, Guay M, Miller JD, Judek S, Chan CC, Dales RE (2005) Levels and determinants of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acrolein in residential indoor air in Prince Edward Island, Canada. Environ Res 99:11–17
Gilbert AL, Guay M, Gauvin D, Dietz RN, Chan CC, Le´vesque B (2008) Air change rate and concentration of formaldehyde in residential indoor air. Atmos Environ 42:2424–2428
Grosjean E, Grosjean D (1995) Liquid chromatographic analysis of C1-C10 carbonyls. Int J Environ Anal Chem 61:47–64
Guieysse B, Hort C, Platel V, Munoz R, Ondarts M, Revah S (2008) Biological treatment of indoor air for VOC removal: potential and challenges. Biotechnol Adv 26:398–410
Gunschera J, Mentese S, Salthammer T, Andersen JR (2013) Impact of building materials on indoor formaldehyde levels: Effect of ceiling tiles, mineral fiber insulation and gypsum board. Build Environ 64:138–145
Guo M, Pei X, Mo F, Liu J, Shen X (2013) Formaldehyde concentration and its influencing factors in residential homes after decoration at Hangzhou, China. J Environ Sci 25:908–915
Hauptmann M, Lubin JH, Stewart PA, Hayes RB, Blair A (2004) Mortability from solid cancers among workers in formaldehyde industries. Am J Epidemiol 159:1117–1130
Heroux ME, Clark N, Van Ryswyk K, Mallick R, Gilbert NL, Harrison I, Rispler K, Wang D, Anastassopoulos A, Guay M, MacNeill M, Wheeler AJ (2010) Predictors of indoor air concentrations in smoking and non-smoking residences. Int J Environ Res Public Health 7:3080–3099
Huang Y, Ho SSH, Ho KF, Lee SC, Yu JZ, Louie PKK (2011) Characteristics and health impacts of VOCs and carbonyls associated with residential cooking activities in Hong Kong. J Hazard Mater 186:344–351
Hun DE, Corsi RL, Morandi MT, Siegel JA (2010) Formaldehyde in residences: long-term indoor concentrations and influencing factors. Indoor Air 20:196–203
IARC (1999) - Re-Evaluation of Some Organic Chemicals, Hydrazine and Hydrogen Peroxide. International Agency for Research on Cancer Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans 71, Lyon, France.
IARC (2006) - Formaldehyde, 2-Butoxyethanol and 1-tert-Butoxypropan-2-ol. International Agency for Research on Cancer Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans 88, Lyon, France.
IBGE (2010) Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística http://censo2010.ibge.gov.br. Accessed 24 April 2015.
Katragadda HR, Fullana A, Sidhu S, Carbonell-Barrachina AA (2010) Emission of volatile aldehydes from heated cooking oils. Food Chem 120:59–65
Kim S (2009) Environment-friendly adhesives for surface bonding of wood-based flooring using natural tannin to reduce formaldehyde and TVOC emission. Bioresour Technol 100:744–748
Kim S, Kim HJ (2005) Comparison of standard methods and gas chromatography method in determination of formaldehyde emission from MDF bonded with formaldehyde-based resins. Bioresour Technol 96:1457–1464
Liu W, Zhang JJ, Korn LR, Zhang L, Weisel CP, Turpinb B, Morandi M, Stock T, Colome S (2007) Predicting personal exposure to airborne carbonyls using residential measurements and time/activity data. Atmos Environ 41:5280–5288
Liu Q, Liu Y, Zhang M (2013) Personal exposure and source characteristics of carbonyl compounds and BTEXs within homes in Beijing, China. Build Environ 61:210–216
Marchand C, Bulliot B, Calvé SL, Mirabel P (2006) Aldehyde measurements in indoor environments in Strasbourg (France). Atmos Environ 40:1336–1345
Marchand C, Calve SL, Mirabel P, Glasser N, Casset A, Schneider N, de Blay F (2008) Concentrations and determinants of gaseous aldehydes in 162 homes in Strasbourg (France). Atmos Environ 42:505–516
Mazzeo JR, Neue UD, Kele M, Plumb RS (2005) A new separation technique takes advantage of sub-2-mu m porous particles. Anal Chem 77:460–467
Missia DA, Demetriou E, Michael N, Tolis EI, Bartzis JG (2010) Indoor exposure from building materials: a field study. Atmos Environ 44:4388–4395
Mugica V, Vega E, Chow J, Reyes E, Sanchez G, Arriaga J, Watson R (2001) Speciated non-methane organic compounds emissions from food cooking in Mexico. Atmos Environ 35:1729–1734
Nguyen HT, Takenara N, Bandow H, Maeda Y, de Oliva ST, Boetelho MF, Tavares TM (2001) Atmospheric alcohols and aldehydes concentrations measured in Osaka, Japan and in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Atmos Environ 35:3075–3083
Nicolas M, Ramalho O, Maupetit F (2007) Reactions between ozone and building products: impact on primary and secondary emissions. Atmos Environ 41:3129–3138
NIOSH - Pocket guide to chemical hazards. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0293.html. Accessed Jun 23, 2015
Ochs SM, Fasciotti M, Barreto RP, Figueiredo NG, Albuquerque FC, Massa MCGP, Gabardo I, Pereira Netto AD (2010) Optimization and comparison of HPLC and RRLC conditions for the analysis of carbonyl-DNPH derivatives. Talanta 81:521–529
Ochs SM, Albuquerque FC, Massa MCGP, Pereira Netto AD (2011) Evaluation of C1-C13 carbonyl compounds by RRLC-UV in the atmosphere of Niterói City, Brazil. Atmos Environ 45:5183–5190
Ochs SM, Grotz LO, Factorine LS, Rodrigues MR, Pereira Netto AD (2012) Occupational exposure to formaldehyde in an institute of morphology in Brazil: a comparison of area and personal sampling. Environ Sci Pollut Res 19:2813–2819
Ochs SM, Furtado LA, Pereira Netto AD (2015) Evaluation of the concentrations and distribution of carbonyl compounds in selected areas of a Brazilian bus terminal. Environ Sci Pollut Res 22:9413–9423
Osório VM, Cardeal ZL (2011) Determination of acrolein in french fries by solid-phase microextration gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 1218:3332–3336
Otto M (1999) Chemometrics: statistics and computer application in analytical chemistry. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim
Pal R, Kim KH (2007) Experimental choices for the determination of carbonyl compounds in air. J Sep Sci 30:2708–2718
Pal R, Kim KH, Hong J, Jeon EC (2008) The pollution status of atmospheric carbonyls in a highly industrialized area. J Hazard Mater 153:1122–1135
Pang X, Lewis A (2011) Carbonyl compounds in gas and particle phases of mainstream cigarette smoke. Sci Total Environ 409:5000–5009
Park JS, Ikeda K (2006) Variations of formaldehyde and VOCs levels during 3 years in new and older homes. Indoor Air 16:129–135
Pereira EA, Rezende MOO, Tavares MFM (2004) Analysis of low molecular weight aldehydes in air samples by capillary electrophoresis after derivatization with 4-hydrazinobenzoic acid. J Sep Sci 27:28–32
PNUD (2003)- Programa das Nações Unidas para o Desenvolvimento. Ranking do IDH dos Municípios do Brasil http://www.pnud.org.br/atlas/ranking/IDH_Municipios_Brasil_2000.aspx?indiceAccordion=1&li=li_Ranking2003. Accessed 24 April 2015.
Redlich CA, Sparer J, Cullen MR (1997) Sich-building syndrome. Lancet 349:1013–1016
Salthammer T, Fuhrmann F, Kaufhold S, Meyer B, Schwarz A (1995) Effects of climatic parameters on formaldehyde concentrations in indoor air. Indoor Air 5:120–128
Salthammer T, Mentese S, Marutzky R (2010) Formaldehyde in the indoor environment. Chem Rev 110:2536–2572
Shinohara N, Mizukoshi A, Yanagisawa Y (2004) Identification of responsible volatile chemicals that induce hypersensitive reaction to multiple chemical sensitivity patients. J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol 14:84–91
U.S. EPA (1999) Compendium Method TO-11A. Determination of Formaldehyde in Ambient Air Using Adsorbent Cartridge Followed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park
Uchiyama S, Tomizawa T, Tokoro A, Aoki M, Hishiki M, Yamada T, Tanaka R, Sakamoto H, Yoshida T, Bekki K, Inaba Y, Nakagome H, Kunugita N (2015) Gaseous chemical compounds in indoor and outdoor air of 602 houses throughout Japan in winter and summer. Environ Res 137:364–372
Veremchuk LV, Yankova VI, Vitkina TI, Nazarenko AV, Golokhvast KS (2016) Urban air pollution, climate and its impact on asthma morbidity. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 6(1):76–79
Wang B, Lee SC, Ho KF (2007) Characteristics of carbonyls: concentration and source strengths for indoor and outdoor residential microenvironments in China. Atmospheric Environ 41:2851–2861
Weng M, Zhu L, Yang K, Chen S (2010) Levels, sources, and health risks of carbonyls in residential indoor air in Hangzhou, China. Environ Monit Assess 163:573–581
Wieslander G, Norback D, Bjornsson E, Janson C, Boman G (1997) Asthma and the indoor environment: the significance of emission of formaldehyde and volatile organic compounds from newly painted indoor surfaces. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 69:115–124
Xiong J, Zhang YP (2010) Impact of temperature on the initial emittable concentration of formaldehyde in building materials: experimental observation. Indoor Air 20:523–529
Xu RNX, Fan L, Rieser MJ, El-Shourbagy TA (2007) Recent advances in high-throughput quantitative bioanalysis by LC-MS/MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 44:342–355
Yamashita S, Kume K, Horiike T, Honma N, Fusaya M, Ohura T, Amagai T (2010) A simple method for screening emission sources of carbonyl compounds in indoor air. J Hazard Mater 178:370–376
Yingshu Y, Nei L, Lijun Z (2015) Relationship between the concentration of formaldehyde in the air and asthma in children: a meta-analysis. Int J Clin Exp 8:8358–8362
Acknowledgements
The authors are thankful to Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), CAPES, and Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ—Project E-26/111-366/2012) for financial support and grants. LAF thanks CNPq-PIBIC for an undergraduate grant. ADPN thanks CNPq for an individual fellowship.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Responsible editor: Constantini Samara
Electronic supplementary material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
ESM 1
(DOCX 24 kb)
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ochs, S.d.M., Furtado, L.d.A., Cerqueira, W.V. et al. Characterization of the variation of carbonyl compounds concentrations before, during, and after the renovation of an apartment at Niterói, Brazil. Environ Sci Pollut Res 23, 15605–15615 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-6657-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-6657-6