Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Ameliorative effect of flaxseed oil against thiacloprid-induced toxicity in rats: hematological, biochemical, and histopathological study

  • Research Article
  • Published:
Environmental Science and Pollution Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The present study was carried out to evaluate the hematological, biochemical, and histopathological changes due to thiacloprid toxicity, and the potential protective role of flaxseed oil in male Wistar albino rats. Subacute thiacloprid intoxication induced a significant increase in RBCs, Hb, PCV, and WBCs count, and bone marrow micronucleus (MN) formation. Moreover, there was a significant increase in serum biochemical parameters related to hepatic injury: alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). Serum total protein and albumin levels were significantly reduced. Thiacloprid increases tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukine-2(IL-2). There was a significant decrease in glutathione-S-transferase, while the lipid peroxidation (MDA) and cytochrome P450 activity were significantly increased. Flaxseed oil coadministration partially retrieved the changes in all studied parameters. Thiacloprid induced histopathological liver damage, which was minimized as a result of flaxseed oil treatment. In general, it was concluded that, flaxseed oil able to protect against thiacloprid-induced hepatoxicity.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pober JS (1994) Cellular and molecular immunology, 2nd edn. WB Saunders Company, Philadelphia

    Google Scholar 

  • Abdel Moneim AE, Dkhil MA, Al-Quraishy S (2011) The protective effect of flaxseed oil on lead acetate-induced renal toxicity in rats. J Hazard Mater 30(194):250–255

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Abdel-Daim MM, Halawa SM (2014) Synergistic hepatocardio-protective and antioxidant effects of myrrh and ascorbic acid against diazinon-induced toxicity in rabbits. Int Res J Humanit Eng Pharm Sci 1(7):1–7

    Google Scholar 

  • Abdel-Daim MM, Abuzead SM, Halawa SM (2013) Protective role of Spirulina Platensis against acute deltamethrin-induced toxicity in rats. PLoS One 8(9):e72991

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Agarwal DK, Chauhan LKS (1993) An Improved chemical substitute for fetal calf serum for the micronucleus test. Biotech Histochem 68:187–188

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ahmad F, Ali SS, Shakoori AR (1995) Sublethal effects of Danitol (Fenpropathrin), a synthetic pyrethroid, on Chinese Grass Carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella. Folia Biol (Krakow) 43:3–4

    Google Scholar 

  • Aruoma IO (1998) Free radicals, oxidative stress and antioxidants in human health and disease. J Am Oil Chem Soc 75:199–212

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aydin B (2011) Effects of thiacloprid, deltamethrin and their combination on oxidative stress in lymphoid organs, polymorphonuclear leukocytes and plasma of rats. Pestic Biochem Physiol 100:165–171

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Banerjee BD, Seth V, Ahmed RS (2001) Pesticides induced oxidative stress: perspectives and trends. Rev Environ Health 16:1–40

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bhatia AL, Sharma A, Patni S, Sharma AL (2007) Prophylactic effect of flaxseed oil against radiation-induced hepatotoxicity in mice. Phytother Res 21(9):852–859

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bolognesi C, Morasso G (2000) Genotoxicity of pesticides: potential risk for consumers. Trends Food Sci Technol 11:182–187

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bose S, Nath S, Sahana SS (2011) Toxic impact of thiamethoxam on the growth performance and liver protien concentration of a freshwater fish oreochromis niloticus (trewavas). Indian J Fundam Appl Life Sci 1(4):274–280

    Google Scholar 

  • Calder PC (2002) Dietary modification of inflammation with lipids. Proc Nutr Soc 61:345–358

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Casida JE (1970) Mixed-function oxidase involvement in the of insecticide synergists. J Agric Food Chem 18:753–772

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Caughey GE, Mantzioris E, Gibson RA, Cleland LG, James MJ (1996) The effect on human tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-1 beta production of diets enriched in n-3 fatty acids from vegetable oil or fish oil. Am J Clin Nutr 63:116–122

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chavant T, Khadke S, Harke S, Ghadge A, Karandikar M, Pandit V, Ranjekar P, Omkar Kulkarni O, Aniket Kuvalekar A (2013) Hepatoprotective effect of polyunsaturated fatty acids against repeated subacute acetaminophen dosing in rats. Int J Pharm Bio Sci 4(2):286–295

    Google Scholar 

  • Dimitrios B (2006) Sources of natural phenolic antioxidants. Trends Food Sci Technol 17:505–512

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Doumas BT, Bayso DD, Carter RJ, Peters T, Schaffer R (1981) Determination of serum total protein. Clin Chem 27:1642

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Drupt F (1974) Colorimetric determination of albumin. Pharm Biol 9:777

    Google Scholar 

  • Duzguner V, Erdogan S (2010) Acute oxidant and inflammatory effects of imidacloprid on the mammalian central nervous system and liver in rats. Pestic Biochem Physiol 97(1):13–18

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Duzguner V, Erdogan S (2012) Chronic exposure to imidacloprid induces inflammation and oxidative stress in the liver and central nervous system of rats. Pestic Biochem Physiol 104:58–64

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • El-Sheikh SA, Galal AAA (2015) Toxic effects of sub-chronic exposure of male albino rats to emamectin benzoate and possible ameliorative role of Foeniculum vulgare essential oil. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 39(3):1177–1188

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fenech M (2007) Cytokinesis-block micronucleus cytome assay. Nat Protoc 2:1084–1104

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fenech M, Bonassi S (2011) The effect of age, gender, diet and Life style on DNA damage measured using micronucleus frequency in human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Mutagenesis 26:43–49

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fenech M, Kirsch-Volders M, Natarajan AT, Surralles J, Crott JW, Parry J, Norppa H, Eastmond DA, Tucker JD, Thomas P (2011) Molecular mechanisms of micronucleus, nucleoplasmic bridge and nuclear bud formation in mammalian and human cells. Mutagenesis 26:125–132

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Galdíková M, Šiviková K, Holečková B, Dianovský J, Drážovská M, Schwarzbacherová V (2015) The effect of thiacloprid formulation on DNA/chromosome damage and changes in GST activity in bovine peripheral lymphocytes. J Environ Sci Health B 50(10):698–707

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Giray B, Gurbay A, Hincal F (2001) Cypermethrin-induced oxidative stress in rat brain and liver is prevented by vitamin E or allopurinol. Toxicol Lett 118:139–146

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gutierrez F, Varona I, Albi MA (2000) Relation of acidity and sensory quality with sterol content of olive oil from stored fruit. J Agric Food Chem 48(4):1106–1110

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Habig WH, Pabst MJ, Jakoby WB (1974) Glutathione S-transferases. The first enzymatic step in mercapturic acid formation. J Biol Chem 249:7130–7139

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hana RS, Saed N (2013) Alteration in oxidants, antioxidants and cytokines levels in blood of malathion exposed human and animal groups and the effect of Flaxseed oil in alleviating malathion toxic effects. Eur J Biotechnol Biosci 1(1):8–19

    Google Scholar 

  • Hodgson E (2003) In vitro human phase I metabolism of xenobiotics I: pesticides and related compounds used in agriculture and public health. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 17:201–206

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Holstun J, Zetocha D (1994) An analysis of flaxseed utilization in the health food industry. Institute for Business and Industry Development, North Dakota State University, Fargo

    Google Scholar 

  • James MJ, Gibson RA, Cleland LG (2000) Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids and inflammatory mediator production. Am J Clin Nutr 71:3435–3485

    Google Scholar 

  • Kalender Y, Uzunhisarcikli M, Ogutcu A, Acikgoz F, Kalender S (2006) Effects of diazinon on Pseudocholinesterase activity and haematological indices in rats: the protective role of Vitamin E. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 22(1):46–51

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kelley DS, Branch LB, Love JE, Taylor PC, Rivera YM, Lacono JM (1991) Dietary alinolenic acid and immunocompetence in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 53:40–46

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kind PRN, King EG (1954) Colorimetric determination of alkaline phosphatase activity. J Clin Pathol 7:322

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kocaman AY, Topaktas M (2007) In vitro evaluation of the genotoxicity of acetamiprid in human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Environ Mol Mutagen 48:483–490

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kocaman AY, Rencuzogulları E, Topaktas M (2012) In vitro investigation of the genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of thiacloprid in cultured human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Environ Toxicol 29:631–664

  • Kostaropoulos I, Papadopoulos AI, Metaxakis A, Boukouvala E, Papadopoulou-Mourkidou E (2001) The role of glutathione S-transferases in the detoxification of some organophosphorus insecticides in larvae and pupae of the yellow mealworm, Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Pest Manag Sci 57:501–508

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee P, Prasad K (2003) Effects of flaxseed oil on serum lipids and atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolemic rabbits. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 8(3):227–235

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lioi MB, Scarfi MR, Santoro A, Barbieri R, Zeni O, Di Berardino D, Ursini MV (1998) Genotoxicity and oxidative stress induced by pesticide exposure in bovine lymphocyte cultures in vitro. Mutat Res 403:13–20

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Madhusudhan B (2009) Potential benefits of flaxseed in health and disease—a perspective. Agric Conspec Sci 74:67–72

    Google Scholar 

  • Mecdad AA, Ahmed MH, El Halwagy MEA, Afify MMM (2011) A study on oxidative stress biomarkers and immunomodulatory effects of pesticides in pesticide-sprayers. Egypt J Forensic Sci 1:93–98

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mohamed A, Mohamed M, Mehdi A (2007) Toxicity of the organophosphorus insecticide diazinon to female mice. J Sebha Univ (Pured Appl Sci) 6(2):77–88

    Google Scholar 

  • Muniz JF, McCauley L, Scherer J, Lasarev M, Koshy M, Kow YW, Nazar-Stewart V, Kisby GE (2008) Biomarkers of oxidative stress and DNA damage in agricultural workers: a pilot study. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 227:97–107

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Naqshbandi A, Khan W, Rizwan S, Khan F (2012) Studies on the protective effect of flaxseed oil on cisplatin-induced hepatotoxicity. Hum Exp Toxicol 31(4):364–375

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ohkhawa H, Ohsini N, Yagi K (1979) Assay for lipid peroxides in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction. Anal Biochem 95:351–358

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Osterauer R, Kohler HR (2008) Temperature-dependent effects of the pesticides thiacloprid and diazinon on the embryonic development of zebrafish (Danio rerio). Aquat Toxicol 86:485–494

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Prasad K (2000) Flaxseed: a source of hypocholesterolemic and antiatherogenic agents. Drug News Perspect 13(2):99–104

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Prasad K, Mantha SV, Muir AD, Westcott ND (1998) Reduction of hypercholesterolemic atherosclerosis by CDC-flaxseed with very low alpha-linolenic acid. Atherosclerosis 136:367–375

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rajini PS, Viswanatha S, Krishnakumari MK (1987) Effect of pirimiphos-methyl, an organo phosphorus insecticide on hematological parameters in albino rats. Indian J Exp Biol 25(3):190–193

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reitman S, Frankel S (1975) Colorimetric method for determination of serum transaminase activity. Am J Clin Pathol 28:56–68

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ross SR, Lexin W, Herbert J (2007) Erythrocyte oxidative damage in chronic fatigue syndrome. Arch Med Res 38:94–98

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schmid W (1976) The micronucleus test for cytogenetic analysis. In: Hollaender A (ed) Chemical mutagens principles and methods for their detection. Plenum Press, New York, pp 31–53

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Sekerog lu V, Sekerog lu ZA, Demirhan ES (2014) Effects of commercial formulations of deltamethrin and/or thiacloprid on thyroid hormone levels in rat serum. Toxicol Ind Health 30(1):40–46

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sekeroglu V, Sekeroglu ZA, Kefelioglu H (2011) Cytogenetic effects of commercial formulations of deltamethrin and/or thiacloprid on Wistar rat bone marrow cells. Environ Toxicol. doi:10.1002/tox.20746

    Google Scholar 

  • Sekine S, Sasanuki S, Murana Y, Aoyama T, Takeuchi H (2008) Alpha-linolenic acid-rich flaxseed oil ingestion increases plasma adiponectin level in rats. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 78:223–229

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Siener R, Alteheld B, Terjung B, Junghans B, Bitterlich N, Stehle P, Metzner C (2010) Change in the fatty acid pattern of erythrocyte membrane phospholipids after oral supplementation of specific fatty acids in patients with gastrointestinal diseases. Eur J Clin Nutr 64:410–418

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Simopoulos AP (2002) The importance of the ratio of omega-6/omega-3 essential fatty acids. Biomed Pharmacother 56:365–379

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Soltaninejad K, Abdullah M (2009) Current opinion on the science of organophosphate pesticides and toxic stress: a systematic review. Med Sci Monit 15(3):75–90

    Google Scholar 

  • Soujanya S, Lakshman M, Anand Kumar A, Gopala Reddy A (2013) Evaluation of the protective role of vitamin C in imidacloprid-induced hepatotoxicity in male albino rats. J Nat Sci Biol Med 4(1):63–67

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stephen KH, Chakraborty J, Ruch RJ (1996) Chemical exposure and toxic response: toxic response of the blood, vol 7. Lewis publishers, Boca Raton, p 105

    Google Scholar 

  • Suvarna SK, Layton C, Bancroft JD (2013) Bancroft’s theory and practice of histological techniques, 7th edn. Churchill Livingstone, England

    Google Scholar 

  • Toor HK, Sangha GK, Khera KS (2013) Imidacloprid induced histological and biochemical alterations in liver of female albino rats. Pestic Biochem Physiol 105:1–4

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wahba HMA, Ibrahim TAA (2013) Protective effect of flaxseed oil and vitamin E on potassium Bromateinduced oxidative stress in male rats. Int J Curr Microbiol App Sci 2(9):299–309

  • Wallace FA, Miles EA, Calder PC (2003) Comparison of the effects of linseed oil and different doses of fish oil on mononuclear cell function in healthy human subjects. Br J Nutr 89:679–689

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang Y, Li D, Wang LJ, Chiu YL, Chen XD, Mao ZH, Song CF (2008) Optimization of extrusion of flaxseeds for in vitro protein digestibility analysis using response surface methodology. J Food Eng 85(1):59–64

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang Y, Zhang JJ, Xiang HY, Zhang JH, Wang XZ (2012) Acetamiprid residues in male mice and its effect on liver function. J Anim Vet Adv 11:2706–2710

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yang W, Fu J, Yu M, Huang Q, Wang D, Xu J, Deng Q, Yao P, Huang F, Liu L (2012) Effects of flaxseed oil on anti-oxidative system and membrane deformation of human peripheral blood erythrocytes in high glucose level. Lipids Health Dis 11:88

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang ZS, Wang LJ, Li D, Jiao SS, Chen XD, Mao ZH (2008) Ultrasound-assisted extraction of oil from flaxseed. Sep Purif Technol 62:192–198

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

Author information

Author notes

    Authors and Affiliations

    1. Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Sharkia, Egypt

      Mohamed Y. Hendawi

    2. Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Sharkia, Egypt

      Rasha T. M. Alam

    3. Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Sharkia, Egypt

      Suhair A. Abdellatief

    Authors
    1. Mohamed Y. Hendawi
      View author publications

      You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

    2. Rasha T. M. Alam
      View author publications

      You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

    3. Suhair A. Abdellatief
      View author publications

      You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

    Corresponding author

    Correspondence to Rasha T. M. Alam.

    Ethics declarations

    Conflict of interest

    The authors declare that they have no conflict of interests.

    Additional information

    Responsible editor: Philippe Garrigues

    Mohamed Y. Hendawi, Rasha T. M. Alam and Suhair A. Abdellatief contributed equally to this work.

    Rights and permissions

    Reprints and permissions

    About this article

    Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

    Cite this article

    Hendawi, M.Y., Alam, R.T.M. & Abdellatief, S.A. Ameliorative effect of flaxseed oil against thiacloprid-induced toxicity in rats: hematological, biochemical, and histopathological study. Environ Sci Pollut Res 23, 11855–11863 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-6376-z

    Download citation

    • Received:

    • Accepted:

    • Published:

    • Issue Date:

    • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-6376-z

    Keywords

    Search

    Navigation