Skip to main content
Log in

Flux boundary measurements for the study of tree stability

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Landscape and Ecological Engineering Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The shear strength of soil is an important parameter that affects tree stability and can vary depending on the magnitude of the soil’s negative pore-water pressure (matric suction). The surface flux boundary condition affects the matric suction of soil, and therefore is important for tree stability. Field measurements were performed around a roadside tree for 2 years. The instrumentation results show that the matric suction in the soil fluctuated between 0 and 35 kPa. Matric suction changes in the soil could lead to a decrease in the tree resistive moment of up to 80 %.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
Fig. 15

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Allen RG, Pereira LS, Raes D, Smith M (1998) Crop evapotranspiration: guidelines for computing crop water requirements. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome

    Google Scholar 

  • ASTM (1998) D 422-63 standard test method for particle-size analysis of soils

  • ASTM (2002a) D 854-02 standard test methods for specific gravity of soil solids by water pycnometer

  • ASTM (2002b) D 1140-00 standard test methods for amount of material in soils finer than the no. 200 (75-μm) sieve

  • ASTM (2002c) D 4318-00 standard practice for classification of soils for engineering purposes (Unified Soil Classification System)

  • ASTM (2002d) D 2487-00 standard test method for liquid limit, plastic limit, and plasticity index of soils

  • ASTM (2002e) D5084-10 standard test method for measurement of hydraulic conductivity of saturated porous material using a flexible wall permeameter

  • ASTM (2002f) D7181-11 method for consolidated-drained triaxial compression test for soil

  • ASTM (2002g) D2325-68 standard test method for capillary-moisture relationships for coarse- and medium-textured soils by porous-plate apparatus

  • Bandyopadhyay PK, Mallick S (2003) Actual evapotranspiration and crop coefficients of wheat (Triticum aestivum) under varying moisture levels of humid tropical canal command area. Agric Water Manage 59:33–47

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blight GE (1997) The “active” zone in unsaturated soil mechanics. First GRC lecture, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore

    Google Scholar 

  • Brand EW (1984) Landslides in Southeast Asia: a state-of-the-art report. In: Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Landslides, Toronto, 16–21 September, vol 1, pp 17–59

  • Childs EC, Collis-George GN (1950) The permeability of porous materials. Proc R Soc Lond 210A:392–405

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Evangelista A, Nicotera MV, Papa R, Urciuoli G (2008) Field investigation on triggering mechanisms of fast landslides in unsaturated pyroclastic soils. In: The 1st European Conference on Unsaturated Soils, Durham, UK, pp 909–915

  • Fraser AI (1962) The soil and roots as factors in tree stability. Forestry 35:117–127

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fredlund DG, Rahardjo H (1993) Soil mechanics for unsaturated soils. Wiley, New York

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Fredlund DG, Morgernstern NA, Widger RA (1978) The shear strength of unsaturated soils. Can Geotech J 15:313–321

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gardner WR (1958) Some steady-state solutions of the unsaturated moisture flow equation with applications to evaporation from a water table. Soil Sci 85:228–231

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ghani MA, Stokes A, Fourcaud T (2009) The effect of root architecture and root loss through trenching on the anchorage of tropical urban trees (Eugenia grandis Wight). Trees 23:197–209. doi:10.1007/s00468-008-0269-9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harnas FR, Rahardjo H, Leong EC, Tan PY, Ow LF (2016) Stability of containerized urban street trees. Landsc Ecol Eng 12:13–24

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jensen ME, Burman RD, Allen RG (1990) Evapotranspiration and irrigation water requirements. ASCE manuals and reports on engineering practices no. 70. American Society of Civil Engineers, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Lazzara P, Rana G (2010) The use of crop coefficient approach to estimate actual evapotranspiration: a critical review for major crops under Mediterranean climate. Ital J Agrometeorol 2:25–39

    Google Scholar 

  • Lim TT, Rahardjo H, Chang MF, Fredlund DG (1996) Effect of rainfall on matric suction in a residual soil slope. Can Geotech J 33:618–628

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mattheck K, Breloer H (1994) The body language of trees, a handbook for failure analysis. Her Majesty’s Stationary Office, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Ow LF, Harnas FR, Indrawan IGB, Sahadewa A, Sim EK, Rahardjo H, Leong EC, Fong YK, Tan PY (2010) Tree-pulling experiment: an analysis into the mechanical stability of rain trees. Trees Struct Funct 24:1007–1015

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rahardjo H, Harnas FR, Leong EC, Tan PY, Fong YK, Sim EK (2009) Tree stability in an improved soil to withstand wind loading. Urban For Urban Green 8(4):237–247

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rahardjo H, Indrawan IGB, Harnas FR (2010) Soil improvement for tree stability. Research project report, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore

  • Rahardjo H, Leong EC, Qin XS, Fong YK, Lee TT, Wee JD, Harnas FR, Min R, Amalia N (2013) Effect of rainfall on tree stability. Research project report, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore

  • Rahardjo H, Satyanaga A, Harnas FR, Leong EC (2014) Comprehensive instrumentation for real time monitoring of flux boundary conditions in slope. Proc Earth Planet Sci 9:23–43

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ray D, Nicoll BC (1998) The effect of soil water-table depth on root-plate development and stability of Sitka spruce. Forestry 71:169–182

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Samarakoon MB, Tanaka N, Yagisawa J (2013) Effect of local scouring and saturation of soil due to flooding on maximum resistive bending moment for overturning Robinia pseudoacacia. Landsc Ecol Eng 9(1):11–25

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • School of Life Science and Chemical Technology Ngee Ann Polytechnic (2014) Syzygium grande—plant findings. http://mobilearn.np.edu.sg/plantsnp/viewentry.aspx?entryID=637. Accessed 1 April 2015

  • Smith M, Allen RG, Monteith JL, Perrier A, Pereira L, Segeren A (1992) Report of the expert consultation on procedures for revision of FAO guidelines for prediction of crop water requirements. UN-FAO, Rome

    Google Scholar 

  • Stone EL, Kalisz PJ (1991) On the maximum extend of tree root. For Ecol Manage 46:59–102

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tratch DJ, Wilson GW, Fredlund DG (1995) An introduction to analytical modeling of plant transpiration for geotechnical engineers. In: Proceedings of the Forty-eighth Canadian Geotechnical Conference, Vancouver, BC, vol 2, pp 771–780

  • Zotarelli L, Dukes MD, Romero CC, Migliaccio KW, Morgan KT (2009) Step by step calculation of Penman–Monteith evapotranspiration (FAO-56 method). University of Florida

Download references

Acknowledgments

The study was carried out as part of a research collaboration to study the effect of rainfall on tree stability. The study was conducted by the Nanyang Technological University, DHI-NTU, and the National Parks Board, Singapore. The authors would like to thank Mr Daryl Lee Tsen Tieng for conducting the tree survey and tree geometry modeling. The experiments performed in this study comply with the current laws of the Singapore government.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Fakhrur Rozy Harnas.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Rahardjo, H., Amalia, N., Choon, L.E. et al. Flux boundary measurements for the study of tree stability. Landscape Ecol Eng 13, 81–92 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11355-016-0303-9

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11355-016-0303-9

Keywords

Navigation