Abstract
The presented experimental work describes the nondestructive damage examination of polymer-matrix composites using acoustic methods under the consideration of nonlinear effects. The aim is to analyze these nonlinear effects in order to provide a quantification of the nonlinear acoustic transmission which is related to the damage state and its severity in the composite material. The first objective was to study the effectiveness of the distortion evaluation method and its related parameter: the “Total Difference Frequency Distortion” (TDFD) parameter. The TDFD was utilized as a new damage indicator to quantify the progressive damage state in composite materials. The TDFD method had initially been proposed to characterize the distortion of audio amplifiers. A custom-made setup was developed that imposes acoustic signals to the structure. The samples’ vibrations were afterwards analyzed by a laser vibrometer and further spectrum evaluations. The developed method was applied to two composite materials, both reinforced with taffeta woven glass-fibers, but having different thermoset polymer matrix, i.e. vinylester and epoxy. The damage was introduced in the specimen by tensile tests with a stepwise increase of the tension loading. It was observed that damage influences the intensity of nonlinear intermodulation after having introduced two harmonic and constant signals of different and randomly chosen frequencies in the specimen. The nonlinear intermodulation was then quantified by computing the TDFD parameter. In the specific case of epoxy based composites, high frequency peaks were noted for the high tensile loading levels only. The TDFD parameter was then modified in order to take into account this effect. For both studied composites, the modified TDFD parameter increases with the damage accumulation caused by the applied stepwise tensile loading.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aymerich F, Meili S (2000) Ultrasonic evaluation of matrix damage in impacted composite laminates. Compos Part B Eng 31:1–6
Declercq NF, Decrieck J, Leroy O (2006) Ultrasonic polar scans Numerical simulation on generally. Ultrasonics 45:32–39
Satyanarayan L, Vander Weide JM, Declercq NF (2010) Ultrasonic polar scan imaging of damaged fiber reinforced composites. Mater Eval 68:733–739
Van Den Abeele KE-A, Johnson PA, Sutin A (2000) Nonlinear Elastic Wave Spectroscopy (NEWS) Techniques to Discern Material Damage, Part I: Nonlinear Wave Modulation Spectroscopy (NWMS). Res Nondestruct Eval 12:17–30. doi:10.1080/09349840009409646
Solodov (2014) Resonant Acoustic Nonlinearity of Defects for Highly-Efficient Nonlinear NDE. J Nondestruct Eval 33:252–262
Jiao J-P, Liu W-H, He C-F et al (2014) Nonlinear Acoustic Interaction of Contact Interfaces. Exp Mech 54:63–68. doi:10.1007/s11340-012-9710-5
Van Den Abeele KE-A, Johnson PA, Sutin A (2000) Nonlinear Elastic Wave Spectroscopy (NEWS) Techniques to Discern Material Damage, Part II: Single-Mode Nonlinear Resonance Spectroscopy (NWMS). Res Nondestruct Eval 12:17–30. doi:10.1080/09349840009409646
Meo M, Polimeno U, Zumpano G (2008) Detecting damage in composite material using nonlinear elastic wave spectroscopy methods. Appl Compos Mater 15:115–126. doi:10.1007/s10443-008-9061-7
Van Den Abeele K, De Visscher J (2000) Damage assessment in reinforced concrete using spectral and temporal nonlinear vibration techniques. Cem Concr Res 30:1453–1464. doi:10.1016/S0008-8846(00)00329-X
Li W, Cho Y, Lee J, Achenbach JD (2013) Assessment of Heat Treated Inconel X-750 Alloy by Nonlinear Ultrasonics. Exp Mech 53:775–781. doi:10.1007/s11340-012-9681-6
Duffour P, Morbini M, Cawley P (2006) Comparison between a type of vibro-acoustic modulation and damping measurement as NDT techniques. NDT&E Int 39:123–131
Polimeno U, Meo M (2009) Detecting barely visible impact damage detection on aircraft composites structures. Compos Struct 91:398–402
DIN EN 60268-3:2014-03. Elektroakustische Geräte – Tl. 3 Verstärker (IEC 60268-32013), Dtsch. Fassung EN 60268-32013
DIN IEC 268-2:1994-08. Elektroakustische Geräte – Tl. 2 Allg. Begr. und Berechnungsverfahren (lEC 268-2 1987 + A1 1991) Dtsch. Fassung HD 483.2 S2 1993
Yoder N (2014) PeakFinder (Version 13 Aug 2014). File Exchange. MATLAB Central. http://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/fileexchange/25500-peakfinder.m. Accessed 1 Jun 2015
Helfen TB (2014) Nichtlinearer ultraschall zur charakterisierung von ermüdungsschäden während der hochfrequenz - Beanspruchung von C - Faser - Kunststoffverbunden. Universität des Saarlandes
Rabe U, Helfen T, Weikert M et al (2012) Nonlinear ultrasonic testing of carbon fibre reinforced plastics in the very high cycle fatigue regime. Proc Meetings Acoust 16:1–6. doi:10.1121/1.4748345
Pandita SD, Huysmans G, Wevers M, Verpoest I (2001) Tensile fatigue behaviour of glass plain-weave fabric composites in on- and off-axis directions. Compos A: Appl Sci Manuf 32:1533–1539. doi:10.1016/S1359-835X(01)00053-7
Acknowledgment
The research was performed in the framework of the OpenLab “Materials and Processes” supported by PSA Peugeot Citroën.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Eckel, S., Meraghni, F., Pomarède, P. et al. Investigation of Damage in Composites Using Nondestructive Nonlinear Acoustic Spectroscopy. Exp Mech 57, 207–217 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11340-016-0222-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11340-016-0222-6