Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

MRP: A Localization-Free Multi-Layered Routing Protocol for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

  • Published:
Wireless Personal Communications Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs) have distinctive characteristics due to the use of acoustic signals as its physical medium for communications, including high propagation delay, limited bandwidth and high error rates. Hence, designing communication protocols, particularly, an efficient routing protocol for UWSNs is a challenging issue. Routing protocols can take advantage of the localization of sensor nodes. However, the localization itself is not impeccable in UWSNs. In this paper, we therefore propose a localization-free routing protocol named MRP (multi-layered routing protocol) for UWSNs. MRP utilizes super nodes in order to eliminate the need of localization. MRP works in two phases: Layering phase and Data forwarding phase. During layering phase, different layers are formed around the super nodes. In data forwarding phase, data packets are forwarded based on these layers. Through simulation study using NS-2 simulator, we proved that MRP contributes significant performance improvements against representative routing protocols.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Wafta, M. K., Selman, S., & Denkilkian, H. (2010). UW-MAC: An underwater sensor network MAC protocol. International Journal of Communication Systems, 23, 485–506. doi:10.1002/dac.1086.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Babu, A. V., & Joshy, S. (2012). Maximizing the data transmission rate of a cooperative relay system in an underwater acoustic channel. International Journal of Communication systems, 25, 231–253. doi:10.1002/dac.1266.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Akylidiz, I. F., Pompili, D., & Melodia, T. (2005). Underwater acoustic sensor networks: Research challenges. Ad Hoc Networks, 3(3), 257–279.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Zhang, S., Li, D., & Chen, J. (2013). A link-state based adaptive feedback routing for underwater acoustic sensor networks. IEEE Sensors Journal, 13, 4402–4412.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Filipe, L., & Vieira, M. (2012). Performance and trade-offs of opportunisic routing in underwater networks. In Proceedings of IEEE Wireless Communication and Neworking Conference (WCNC), Shanghai, China, 1–4 April 2012 (pp. 2911–2915). doi:10.1109/WCNC.2012.6214301.

  6. Ren, Y., Seah, W. K. G., & Teal, P. D. (2012). Performance of pressure routing in drifting 3D underwater sensor networks for deep water monitoring. In Proceedings of the seventh ACM international conference on underwater networks and systems. doi:10.1145/2398936.2398972.

  7. Chen, Y.-S., & Lin, Y.-W. (2013). Mobicast routing protocol for underwater sensor networks. IEEE Sensors Journal, 13(2), 737–749. doi:10.1109/JSEN.2012.2226877.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Cai, S., et al. (2013). A network coding based protocol for reliable data transfer in underwater acoustic sensor. Ad Hoc Networks, 11(5), 1603–1609.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Tsai, C. S., & Yang, C. F. (2013). A novel energy efficient joint dynamic emissive location-based routing scheme for SOFAR channel underwater sensor networks. Applied Mechanics and Materials, 284–287(7), 2001–2004.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Wahid, A., & Kim, D. (2012). Connectivity-based routing protocol for underwater wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of IEEE ICT Convergence (ICTC), Jeju Island, Korea, 15–17 October 2012 (pp. 589–590). doi:10.1109/ICTC.2012.6387207.

  11. Harris, A. F., & Zorzi, M. (2007). Modeling the underwater acoustic channel in ns2. In Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on performance evaluation methodologies and tools (ValueTools’07).

  12. Chen, K., Zhou, Y., & He, J. (2009). A localization scheme for underwater wireless sensor networks. International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology, 4, 9–16.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Dhurandher, S. K., Obaidat, M. S., & Gupta, M. (2012). Providing reliable and link stability-based geocasting model in underwater environment. International Journal of Communication Systems, 25, 356–375. doi:10.1002/dac.1245.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Son, J., & Byun, T.-Y. (2011). A routing scheme with limited flooding for wireless sensor networks. International Journal of Future Generation Communication and Networking, 3(3), 19–31.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Afzal, M. I., Mahmood, W., Sajid, S. M., & Seoyaong, S. (2009). Optical wireless communication and recharging mechanism of wireless sensor network by using CCRs. International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology, 13, 49–61.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Xie, P., Cui, J. H., & Lao, L. (May 2006). VBF: Vector-based forwarding protocol for underwater sensor networks. In Proceedings of the IFIP networking conference. Coimbra, Portugal, (pp. 1216–1221).

  17. Nicolaou, N., See, A., Xie, P., Cui, J. H., & Maggiorini, D. (2007). Improving the robustness of location-based routing for underwater sensor networks. In Proceedings of the IEEE OCEANS’07, Europe, June 2007, pp. 1–6, doi:10.1109/OCEANSE.2007.4302470.

  18. Jornet, J. M., Stojanovic, M., & Zorzi, M. (Sept 2008). Focused beam routing protocol for underwater acoustic networks. In |it Proceedings of the Mobicom WUWNet’08, San Francisco, CA, USA, pp. 75–82, doi:10.1145/1410107.1410121.

  19. Yan, H., Shi, Z., & Cui, J. H. (May 2008). DBR: Depth-based routing for underwater sensor networks. In Proceedings of the IFIP networking’08 conference, Singapore, pp. 72–86.

  20. Ayaz, M., & Abdullah, A. (Dec 2009). Hop-by-Hop dynamic addressing based (H2-DAB) routing protocol for underwater wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of 2009 International conference on Information and Multimedia Technology ICIMT’09, Jeju Island, Korea, pp. 436–441.

  21. Seah Winston, K. G., & Tan, H. P. (2006). Multipath virtual sink architecture for underwater sensor networks. In Proceedings of IEEE OCEANS 2006 Asia Pacific conference. Singapore, pp. 1–6.

  22. Shin, D., & Kim, D. (Oct 2008). A dynamic NAV determination protocol in 802.11 based underwater networks. In Proceedings of ISWCS ’08, Iceland, pp. 401–405.

  23. Zhang, S., Li, D., & Chen, J. (2013). A link-state based adaptive feedback routing for underwater acoustic sensor networks. IEEE Sensors Journal.

  24. Filipe, L., & Vieira, M. (2012). Performance and trade-offs of opportunisic routing in underwater networks. IEEE Wireless Communication and Neworking Conference (WCNC).

  25. Ren, Y., Seah, W. K. G., & Teal, P. D. (2012). Performance of pressure routing in drifting 3D underwater sensor networks for deep water monitoring. In Proceedings of the seventh ACM international conference on underwater networks and systems. ACM.

  26. Chen, Y.-S., & Lin, Y.-W. (2013). Mobicast routing protocol for underwater sensor networks. IEEE Sensors journal, 13(2).

  27. Cai, S., et al. (2013). A network coding based protocol for reliable data transfer in underwater acoustic sensor. Ad Hoc Networks.

  28. Tsai, C. S., & Yang, C. F. (2013). A novel energy efficient joint dynamic emissive location-based routing scheme for SOFAR channel underwater sensor networks. Applied Mechanics and Materials, 284.

  29. Wahid, A., & Kim, D. (2012). Connectivity-based routing protocol for underwater wireless sensor networks. In ICT convergence (ICTC), 2012 international conference on. IEEE.

  30. Harris, A. F., & Zorzi, M. (2007). Modeling the underwater acoustic channel in ns2. In Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on performance evaluation methodologies and tools.

Download references

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by Defense Acquisition Program Administration and Agency for Defense Development under the contract UD100002KD. This work was supported by the MKE (The Ministry of Knowledge Economy), Korea, under the CITRC (Convergence Information Technology Research Center) support program (NIPA-2012-H0401-12-1006) supervised by the NIPA (National IT Industry Promotion Agency) and the ICT Standardization program of KCC (Korea Communications Commission).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Computer Science and Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea

    Abdul Wahid, Sungwon Lee, Dongkyun Kim & Kyung-Shik Lim

Authors
  1. Abdul Wahid
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Sungwon Lee
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Dongkyun Kim
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Kyung-Shik Lim
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Dongkyun Kim.

Additional information

This paper is a revised and expanded version of a paper entitled ‘A multi-layered routing protocol for UWSNs using super nodes’ presented at FGCN 2011 conference, Jeju Island, Korea, December 2011.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Wahid, A., Lee, S., Kim, D. et al. MRP: A Localization-Free Multi-Layered Routing Protocol for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks. Wireless Pers Commun 77, 2997–3012 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-014-1690-6

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-014-1690-6

Keywords

Search

Navigation