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Public, For-Profit, and Nonprofit Welfare Institutions in Norway: Distinctive Goals and Steering Mechanisms or Hybridity in a Dominant State

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Abstract

Nonprofit, public, and for-profit welfare institutions have different operational logics. The distinctiveness of a nonprofit institution is more prominent in some circumstances than in others. This paper is based on case studies conducted in Norwegian municipalities to understand when and why nonprofits operate with distinctive steering mechanisms. Based on the framework of hybrid organizations, I analyze the interaction among institutions in the public sector that have democratic legitimacy through a hierarchical organization, the for-profit sector that seeks efficiency to compete in the market, and the nonprofit sector that has civil society logic. The study revealed how more detached demand-driven regulation of nonprofit schools gives them more room to pursue goals different from those of the public sector institutions, which can be contrasted with the supply-driven regulation of nursing homes that have far less room for steering independent of the municipalities. Surprisingly, the results also suggested that small close-knit communities influence institutions in ways that diverge from the hierarchical steering, and that this happens across the sector split. Moreover, regulation and alternative sources of income contribute to making the organization more hybrid, in the sense that the hierarchical steering is challenged.

Résumé

Les organismes de protection sociale à but non lucratif, publics et à but lucratif ont des logiques de fonctionnement différentes. La spécificité d’un organisme à but non lucratif est plus importante dans certains cas que dans d’autres. Cet article est basé sur des études de cas menées dans les municipalités norvégiennes afin de comprendre quand et pourquoi les organismes à but non lucratif fonctionnent avec des mécanismes de direction distincts. M’inspirant du cadre des organismes hybrides, j’analyse l’interaction entre les institutions du secteur public qui disposent d’une légitimité démocratique à travers une organisation hiérarchique, le secteur à but lucratif qui vise l’efficacité pour rivaliser sur le marché et le secteur à but non lucratif qui a une logique de la société civile. L’étude a révélé comment une règlementation, guidée par la demande et plus indépendante, des écoles à but non lucratif leur laisse plus de marge de manœuvre pour poursuivre des objectifs différents de ceux des institutions du secteur public, qui peuvent être comparées à la règlementation guidée par l’offre des maisons de soins infirmiers, qui ont beaucoup moins de liberté pour avoir une direction indépendante des municipalités. Étonnamment, les résultats suggèrent aussi que les petites communautés très unies influencent les institutions de manière à s’écarter de la direction hiérarchique, et que cela se passe dans l’ensemble du secteur. En outre, les règlementations et les autres sources de revenus contribuent à rendre l’organisation plus hybride dans la mesure où la direction hiérarchique est contestée.

Zusammenfassung

Gemeinnützige, öffentliche und gewinnorientierte Sozialeinrichtungen wenden unterschiedliche Betriebslogiken an. In einigen Fällen sind die speziellen Merkmale einer gemeinnützigen Einrichtung besonders deutlich ausgeprägt. Dieser Beitrag basiert auf Fallstudien, die in norwegischen Gemeinden durchgeführt wurden, um zu untersuchen, wann und warum gemeinnützige Einrichtungen besondere Steuerungsmechanismen anwenden. Beruhend auf den Rahmenbedingungen von Hybridorganisationen analysiere ich die Interaktion zwischen den Einrichtungen im öffentlichen Sektor, die aufgrund einer hierarchischen Organisation als demokratisch legitm betrachtet werden, den Einrichtungen im gewinnorientierten Sektor, der Effizienz anstrebt, um konkurrenzfähig zu sein, und den Einrichtungen im gemeinnützigen Sektor, der die Logik der Bürgergesellschaft anwendet. Die Studie zeigte, wie die eigenständigere bedarfsgesteuerte Regulierung von gemeinnützigen Schulen diesen mehr Freiraum zur Verfolgung ihrer Ziele einräumte, welche sich von den Zielen der Einrichtungen im öffentlichen Sektor unterscheiden, was als Gegensatz zur angebotsorientierten Regulierung von Pflegeheimen betrachtet werden kann, deren Spielraum für eine von den Gemeinden unabhängige Steuerung weitaus eingeschränkter ist. Überraschenderweise wiesen die Ergebnisse zudem darauf hin, dass kleine, eng verbundene Gemeinden Einrichtungen auf eine Weise beeinflussen, die von der hierarchischen Steuerung abweicht und dass dies über den gesamten getrennten Sektor erfolgt. Darüber hinaus tragen Regulierungen und alternative Einkommensquellen dazu bei, dass eine Organisation hybrider wird, in dem Sinne, dass die hierarchische Steuerung hinterfragt wird.

Resumen

Las instituciones de bienestar social sin ánimo de lucro, públicas o con fines de lucro tienen diferentes lógicas operativas. La peculiaridad de una institución sin ánimo de lucro es más prominente en algunas circunstancias que en otras. El presente documento se basa en estudios de casos realizados en municipios noruegos para comprender cuándo y por qué las instituciones sin ánimo de lucro operan con mecanismos de dirección distintivos. Basándome en el marco de las organizaciones híbridas, analizo la interacción entre instituciones en el sector público que tienen legitimidad democrática mediante una organización jerárquica, el sector con fines de lucro que busca eficiencia para competir en el mercado, y el sector de las entidades sin ánimo de lucro que tiene la lógica de la sociedad civil. El estudio reveló cómo más regulación independiente impulsada por la demanda de las escuelas sin ánimo de lucro les aporta más espacio para proseguir metas diferentes de aquellas de las instituciones del sector público, que pueden ser contrastadas con la regulación impulsada por el suministro de las residencias de ancianos que tienen mucho menos espacio para conducirse de manera independiente de los municipios. Sorpresivamente, los resultados también sugirieron que las pequeñas comunidades estrechamente unidas influyen en las instituciones en modos que divergen de la dirección jerárquica, y que esto ocurre en toda la distribución sectorial. Asimismo, la regulación y las fuentes alternativas de ingresos contribuyen a hacer más híbrida la organización, en el sentido de que se cuestiona la dirección jerárquica.

Chinese

非盈利性,公共和盈利性福利机构的运作逻辑各有不同。较之其他方面,非盈利性机构的特点在某些方面尤为显著。本文以在挪威各大城市开展的案例研究为基础,旨在了解非盈利机构采用独特的管理机制的时机和原因。基于混合组织框架,本人对凭借分级组织拥有民主合法性的公共机构,寻求市场竞争效率的盈利机构以及拥有民间团体逻辑的非盈利机构之间的关系进行了分析。研究表明,非盈利性学校更加独立的需求驱动型管理使其拥有更多追求不同于公共机构的目标的空间,相比而言,托养所供应驱动型管理使其拥有较少的独立于政府机构之外的管理空间。 令人惊奇的是,结果显示,小型组织严密的社区以不同于分级管理的方式对机构产生影响,这在整个行业时有发生。另外,管理和其他收入源使组织结构更加多元化,就是说,分级管理模式正在受到挑战。.

Arabic

المؤسسات الغير هادفة للربح، العامة، وللربح للرعاية الإجتماعية لها منطق تشغيلي مختلف. تتميز المؤسسة الغير ربحية بأنها أكثر شهرة في بعض الظروف عن غيرها. يستند هذا البحث على دراسات الحالة التي أجريت في البلديات النرويجية لكي نفهم متى ولماذا تعمل المنظمات الغير ربحية مع آليات لتوجيه مميز. إستنادا˝ إلى إطار المنظمات المهجنة، أقوم بتحليل التفاعل بين المؤسسات في القطاع العام التي لها الشرعية الديمقراطية من خلال تنظيم هرمي، القطاع للربح الذي يسعى الكفاءة للمنافسة في السوق، القطاع الغير ربحي الذي لديه منطق المجتمع المدني. كشفت الدراسة كيف أن الإنفصال بدرجة كبيرة يتطلب تنظيم من المدارس الغير ربحية يعطيهم مساحة أكبر لتحقيق أهداف مختلفة عن تلك التي من مؤسسات القطاع العام، الذي يمكن أن يتناقض مع التنظيم القائم على العرض من بيوت التمريض التي قد يكون لديها مجال أقل بكثير لتوجيه مستقل من البلديات. المثير للدهشة، تقترح النتائج أيضا˝ أن المجتمعات المتماسكة الصغيرة تؤثر على المؤسسات بطرق تختلف من القيادة الهرمية، وأن هذا يحدث عبرإنقسام القطاع. علاوة على ذلك، التنظيم والمصادر البديلة للدخل تسهم في جعل المنظمة أكثر تهجين، بمعنى أن هناك تحدي للقيادة الهرمية .

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Notes

  1. A Waldorf school has an approach to pedagogy based on the educational philosophy of the Austrian philosopher Rudolf Steiner. Waldorf schools are also known as Steiner schools.

  2. The reports are written in Norwegian and are accessible at http://www.samfunnsforskning.no/Prosjekter/Paagaaende-prosjekter/Utkontraktering-av-skandinaviske-velferdssamfunn.

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Trætteberg, H.D. Public, For-Profit, and Nonprofit Welfare Institutions in Norway: Distinctive Goals and Steering Mechanisms or Hybridity in a Dominant State. Voluntas 26, 1620–1638 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-015-9565-3

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