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A Phenomenological Study of Volunteers’ Experiences in a South African Waste Management Campaign

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Abstract

Following the literature that focuses on the psychosocial, cognitive and economic motivations for volunteerism, this article presents a phenomenological study of voluntary participation in a community-based waste management initiative involving a total of 24 participants. In line with phenomenology’s accent on uncovering cognitive meanings and essential structures, data were collected by means of 12 individually semi-structured interviews and two focus group discussions. Common cognitive meaning units were identified, guiding an understanding of the essence and structure underlying the volunteer experience, beyond the focus on motives, functions and intentions of volunteer work, yielding insight into the unintended effects of volunteer action on the volunteers themselves and on the community they serve. The data were critically reviewed as a means of understanding the hidden dimensions of volunteerism as they seem to relate to individual and social agency and social transformation and the inherent challenges that such change can effect. From our analysis it appears that it would be valuable to conduct further detailed and larger studies examining the agentic nature of volunteerism in low-to middle-income contexts.

Résumé

Faisant suite aux publications consacrées aux motivations psychosociales, cognitives et économiques du volontariat, cet article présente une étude phénoménologique de la participation volontaire à une initiative de gestion des déchets au sein d’une communauté impliquant un total de 24 participants. Conformément à l’objet de la phénoménologie axé sur la découverte des sens cognitifs et des structures essentielles, les données ont été collectées au moyen de 12 entretiens individuels semi-structurés et de deux discussions de groupe de travail. Des unités communes de sens cognitif ont été identifiées, conduisant à une compréhension de l’essence et de la structure sous-jacentes à l’expérience de volontariat, au-delà de l’accent mis sur les motifs, fonctions et intentions du travail volontaire, apportant ainsi un éclairage sur les effets non intentionnels de l’action volontaire sur les volontaires eux-mêmes et la communauté qu’ils servent. Les données ont fait l’objet d’un examen critique afin de comprendre les dimensions cachées du volontariat en ce qu’elles semblent être liées à l’individu, à l’agence sociale comme à la transformation sociale et les difficultés inhérentes qu’un tel changement peut provoquer. Il ressort de notre analyse qu’il serait opportun de conduire des études plus importantes et détaillées examinant la nature d’agent du volontariat dans les contextes des bas à moyens revenus.

Zusammenfassung

In Anlehnung an die Literatur, die sich auf die psychosozialen, kognitiven und ökonomischen Beweggründe für ehrenamtliche Tätigkeiten konzentriert, präsentiert der vorliegende Beitrag eine phänomenologische Studie über die ehrenamtliche Mitwirkung in einer gemeindebasierten Abfallwirtschaftsinitiative mit insgesamt 24 Teilnehmern. Entsprechend der Phänomenologie, die sich auf die Erkenntnis kognitiver Bedeutungen und wesentlicher Strukturen konzentriert, wurden Daten mittels 12 individueller semistrukturierter Befragungen und zweier Fokusgruppendiskussionen erfasst. Es wurden allgemeine kognitive Bedeutungseinheiten identifiziert, die das Verständnis des Wesens und der Struktur im Zusammenhang mit der Erfahrung im Rahmen ehrenamtlicher Tätigkeiten leiten, das über die Konzentration auf die Beweggründe, Funktionen und Absichten hinter der Ausführung ehrenamtlicher Tätigkeiten hinaus geht und einen Einblick in die unbeabsichtigten Auswirkungen der Handlungen seitens der ehrenamtlich Tätigen auf die Ehrenamtlichen selbst und die Gemeinde, der sie hre Leistungen anbieten, verschafft. Die Daten wurden zum Verständnis der verborgenen Dimensionen ehrenamtlicher Tätigkeiten kritisch untersucht, da sie scheinbar in Relation zu der individuellen bzw. gesellschaftlichen Handlungsfähigkeit und der gesellschaftlichen Transformation sowie zu den Problemen, die mit einer derartigen Veränderung verbunden sein können, stehen. Unserer Analyse zufolge erscheint es von Nutzen zu sein, weitere detaillierte und umfangreichere Studien durchzuführen, die die agentiven Merkmale der ehrenamtlichen Tätigkeit in Kontexten mit niedrigem bis mittleren Einkommen untersuchen.

Resumen

Siguiendo el material publicado que se centra en las motivaciones psicológicas, cognitivas y económicas del voluntariado, el presente artículo presenta un estudio fenomenológico de la participación voluntariaen una iniciativa de gestión de residuos basada en la comunidad que implica a un total de 24 participantes. En línea con el acento de la fenomenología sobre el descubrimiento de significados cognitivos y estructuras esenciales, se recopilaron datos mediante 12 entrevistas semi-estructuradas individualmente y dos debates de grupo de enfoque. Se identificaron unidades cognitivas de significado comunes, orientando una comprensión de la esencia y la estructura que subyacen a la experiencia del voluntario, más allá del foco de atención sobre los motivos, funciones e intenciones del trabajo de voluntario, aportando una mejor percepción de los efectos no pretendidos de la acción voluntaria en los propios voluntarios y en la comunidad a la que sirven. Los datos fueron revisados de manera crítica como medio de comprender las dimensiones ocultas del voluntariado ya que parecen estar relacionadas con el individuo, la agencia social y la transformación social y los retos inherentes que dicho cambio puede efectuar. A partir de nuestro análisis parece que sería valioso realizar estudios más amplios y más detallados que examinasen la naturaleza agencial del voluntariado en contextos con ingresos de bajos a medios.

以前的文献重点讨论了志愿行为的社会心理学、认知学和经济学动机。通过分析一个有24 位志愿者参与的 社区废物管理项目,本文提出了对志愿者参与行为的现象学研究结论。按照现象学在发掘认知意义和实质 结构方面的要求,我们通过12 次半结构化的访谈和两个专题小组讨论来收集了相关数据。普通认知意义单 位得到了确认,因此我们能够顺利了解志愿者体验背后的实质与结构,这超出了对志愿工作动机、功能和 意愿的关注,并使我们能够洞察到志愿行动无意中带来的作用于志愿者自身和其服务之社区的作用。我们 审慎地研读了这些数据,以了解志愿行为所潜藏的效用,因为它们似乎与个人、机构、社会变革和内在挑 战有关。根据我们的分析,我们认为有必要进行更加详细的更大规模的研究,以考察中低收入领域的志愿 行为的

عقب الأدب الذي يركز على الدوافع النفسية والاجتماعية والمعرفية والاقتصادية للعمل التطوعي، يقدم هذا المقال دراسة الظواهر للمشاركة الطوعية في إطار مبادرة إدارة نفايات المستندة إلى المجتمعات المحلية التي تشمل ما مجموعة 24 مشاركاً. تمشيا مع تمييز للظواهر في الكشف عن المعاني المعرفية والهياكل الأساسية، تم جمع البيانات عن طريق إجراء مقابلات شبه منظمة على حدة 12 وهما مجموعة تركيز المناقشات. وتم تحديد المشترك المعرفي معنى الوحدات وتوجيه فهم جوهر والبنية الأساسية لخبرات المتطوعين، تتجاوز التركيز على الدوافع ووظائفها والنوايا للعمل التطوعي، مما أسفر عن التبصر في الآثار غير المقصودة للعمل التطوعي على المتطوعين أنفسهم والمجتمع التي تخدمها. واستعرضت البيانات حاسمة كوسيلة لفهم الأبعاد الخفية للعمل التطوعي كما يبدو أنها تتصل بالوكالة الفردية والاجتماعية والتحول الاجتماعي والتحديات الكامنة التي يمكن أن تؤثر على مثل هذا التغيير. ويبدو من تحليلنا أنه سيكون قيماً إجراء المزيد من الدراسات التفصيلية وأكبر دراسة أجينتيك طبيعة العمل التطوعي في سياقات منخفضة إلى متوسطة الدخل.

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Correspondence to Loni Baadjies.

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MacKenzie, S., Baadjies, L. & Seedat, M. A Phenomenological Study of Volunteers’ Experiences in a South African Waste Management Campaign. Voluntas 26, 756–776 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-014-9450-5

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