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Motivations to Volunteer Among College Students in India

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Abstract

India’s cultural context suggests that student volunteering may be influenced by a constellation of factors. However, scholars have not examined student volunteering in India. Addressing this, we examine motivations to volunteer in a sample of 596 Indian college students. A majority of students volunteered. Three types of volunteering emerged: formal volunteering in non-profit agencies, informal volunteering outside these agencies, and hybrid volunteering consisting of volunteering informally in non-profit agencies. Structural and individual-level factors influenced volunteering. Altruism was associated with volunteering in all three sectors, but did not influence volunteering frequency. Parents, friends, and the internet were salient sources of information that encouraged volunteering. Two instrumental pathways of volunteering emerged: poor- and upper-class students volunteered to secure educational opportunities, while middle-class students volunteered to secure employment. Institutional opportunities to volunteer in religious settings and as mentors facilitated volunteering, while mandated volunteering in educational institutions, decreased engagement in it later.

Résumé

Le contexte culturel indien suggère que le bénévolat des étudiants pourrait être influencé par une pléiade de facteurs. Cependant, les chercheurs n’ont pas examiné le bénévolat étudiant en Inde. Pour combler cette lacune, nous examinons les motivations du bénévolat sur un échantillon de 596 étudiants indiens. Une majorité de ces étudiants sont engagés comme bénévoles. Ce bénévolat se répartit en trois secteurs: le bénévolat formel dans des organismes à but non-lucratif, le bénévolat informel en dehors des ces organismes, et un bénévolat hybride consistant en un bénévolat informel au sein de ces organismes à but non-lucratif. Des facteurs structurels et individuels influencent le bénévolat étudiant. L’altruisme est associé avec le bénévolat dans chacun des trois secteurs, mais n’influence pas la fréquence du bénévolat. Les principales sources d’information incitant au bénévolat sont les parents, les amis, et Internet. Il ressort de notre étude que les étudiants suivent deux chemins vers le bénévolat, tous deux à caractère instrumental: les étudiants pauvres et ceux issus des classes supérieures s’engagent comme bénévoles pour s’assurer des opportunités éducatives, alors que les étudiants issus des classes moyennes font du bénévolat pour obtenir un emploi. Les opportunités institutionnelles de bénévolat dans le domaine religieux ou dans le tutorat facilitent le bénévolat, alors que le bénévolat obligatoire des institutions éducatives, réduit l’engagement futur des étudiants.

Zusammenfassung

Indiens kultureller Kontext deutet darauf hin, dass die ehrenamtliche Arbeit unter Studenten von einer Reihe von Faktoren beeinflusst wird. Allerdings wurde dies in Indien bislang nicht wissenschaftlich erforscht. Daher untersuchen wir anhand einer Stichprobe von 596 indischen College-Studenten die Motivationen zu ehrenamtlicher Arbeit. Die Mehrheit der Studenten war ehrenamtlich tätig. Dabei wurde die ehrenamtliche Tätigkeit in drei Bereiche aufgeteilt: die formale ehrenamtliche Arbeit in Nonprofit-Einrichtungen, die unformale ehrenamtliche Arbeit außerhalb dieser Einrichtungen und eine Mischform der ehrenamtlichen Tätigkeit in Form der unformalen ehrenamtlichen Arbeit in Nonprofit-Einrichtungen. Die ehrenamtliche Arbeit wurde von strukturellen als auch individuellen Faktoren beeinflusst. Die Uneigennützigkeit spielte in allen drei Bereichen eine Rolle, doch wirkte sie sich nicht auf die Häufigkeit der ausgeführten ehrenamtlichen Arbeit aus. Eltern, Freunde und das Internet stellten wichtige Informationsquellen dar, die eine ehrenamtliche Tätigkeit unterstützten. Dabei wurden zwei instrumentelle Wege eingeschlagen: Arme Studenten und Studenten der Oberschicht betrachteten eine ehrenamtliche Arbeit als Gelegenheit zur Weiterbildung, während sich Studenten der Mittelschicht dadurch eine Anstellung sichern wollten. Institutionelle Möglichkeiten für Tätigkeiten im religiösen Kontext und als Mentoren förderten die ehrenamtliche Arbeit, während vorgeschriebene ehrenamtliche Tätigkeiten in Bildungseinrichtungen dazu führten, dass das Engagement später nachließ.

Resumen

El contexto cultural de la India sugiere que el voluntariado estudiantil puede verse influido por una constelación de factores. Sin embargo, los eruditos no han examinado el voluntariado estudiantil en la India. Abordando esto, examinamos las motivaciones para ser voluntarios en una muestra de 596 estudiantes universitarios de la India. Una mayoría de estudiantes hacían voluntariado. El voluntariado estaba dividido en tres sectores: voluntariado formal en agencias sin ánimo de lucro, voluntariado informal fuera de estas agencias, y voluntariado híbrido consistente en voluntariado informal en agencias sin ánimo de lucro. Factores estructurales y a nivel individual influían en el voluntariado. El altruismo estaba asociado al voluntariado en los tres sectores, pero no influía en la frecuencia del voluntariado. Los padres, amigos e Internet eran fuentes sobresalientes de información que alentaban el voluntariado. Emergieron dos sendas instrumentales de voluntariado: los estudiantes pobres y de clase alta se ofrecían como voluntarios para asegurarse las oportunidades de educación, mientras que los estudiantes de clase media se ofrecían como voluntarios para asegurarse el empleo. Las oportunidades institucionales para ser voluntarios en escenarios religiosos y como mentores facilitaban el voluntariado, mientras que el voluntariado con mandato en instituciones educativas, disminuía el compromiso posteriormente.

摘要

印度的文化背景表明学生志愿活动可能受到许多因素的影响。然而,学者尚未对在印度的学生志愿活动进行研究。由此出发,我们通过596例印度大学生作为样本,对志愿者的动机进行研究调查。 多数学生是自动参与志愿活动的。志愿活动分为三类:非盈利机构正式的志愿活动、非盈利机构外的非正式志愿活动以及非盈利机构非正式志愿活动构成的混合型志愿活动。结构层面与个人层面的因素影响着志愿活动。利他主义对这三类志愿活动产生影响,但不影响志愿活动的频率。父母、朋友和网络是鼓励志愿活动主要的信息源。志愿活动的两条路径:贫穷和上层阶级的学生参加保证教育机会的志愿活动,而中产阶级学生参加寻求就业机会的志愿活动。寻求制度机会的参加宗教背景的志愿活动,并作为帮助活动的指导者,而寻求授权机会的参加教育机构的志愿活动,在之后的活动中减少参与次数。

ملخص

السياق الثقافي في الهند يشير إلى أنه قد يتأثر الطالب بالعمل التطوعي من قبل مجموعة متألقة من العوامل. غير أن العلماء لم يدرسوا تطوع الطالب في الهند. للحديث عن ذلك، نحن نفحص الدوافع للتطوع في عينة من 596 طالب جامعي هندي. غالبية الطلاب تطوعوا. تم تقسيم العمل التطوعي إلى ثلاثة قطاعات: التطوعي الرسمي في الوكالات الغير هادفة للربح، العمل التطوعي الغير رسمي خارج هذه الوكالات، والتطوع الهجين المكون من العمل التطوعي بشكل غير رسمي في الوكالات الغير هادفة للربح. أثرت العوامل الهيكلية والفردية على مستوى العمل التطوعي. إرتبط الإيثار مع العمل التطوعي في جميع القطاعات الثلاثة، لكنها لم تؤثر على وتيرة العمل التطوعي. كان الآباء والأصدقاء والإنترنت المصادر البارزة للمعلومات التي تشجع على العمل التطوعي. برز مسارين للعمل التطوعي: الطلاب الفقراء والطبقة العليا تطوعوا لتأمين فرص التعليم، في حين أن الطبقة الوسطى من الطلاب تطوعوا لتأمين فرص العمل. فرص للتطوع في المؤسسات الدينية والإعدادات كموجهين سهلت العمل التطوعي، في حين تم تكليف العمل التطوعي في المؤسسات التعليمية، إنخفضت المشاركة في وقت لاحق.

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Notes

  1. An adjusted odds ratio (AOR) is the odds ratio when other correlates of the dependent variable are controlled for in a logistic equation model. An AOR of above 1 indicates a positive correlation between dependent variable and correlate, while an AOR of below 1 indicates a negative correlation. If the 95 % confidence interval of the AOR does not cross 1, then there is a 5 % probability of incorrectly rejecting the null hypothesis that the dependent variable and correlate are significantly correlated.

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Ghose, T., Kassam, M. Motivations to Volunteer Among College Students in India. Voluntas 25, 28–45 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-012-9327-4

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